在初级医疗保健单位,阴道炎是最常见的疾病。[2]Egan ME, Lipsky MS. Diagnosis of vaginitis. Am Fam Physician. 2000;62:1095-1104.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10997533?tool=bestpractice.com每年大约有1千万妇女因阴道分泌物就诊。在美国约90%受累患者继发于细菌性阴道病,念珠菌病或滴虫病,其中细菌性阴道病最常见。[3]Kent HL. Epidemiology of vaginitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;165:1168-1176.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1951572?tool=bestpractice.com美国过去15年中滴虫发病率明显下降,部分原因是由于甲硝唑的使用。[3]Kent HL. Epidemiology of vaginitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;165:1168-1176.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1951572?tool=bestpractice.com然而,全球数据显示滴虫病是全世界最常见性传播感染。[4]World Health Organization. Global prevalence and incidence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2001.http://who.int/hiv/pub/sti/who_hiv_aids_2001.02.pdf
过去10年中,外阴阴道念珠菌病发生率逐渐升高,特别是非白色念珠菌菌株。[5]Rivera-Sanchez R, Flores-Paz R, Arriaga-Alba M. Identification of Candida species causing vaginitis in Mexican patients. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2006;24:634-636. [in Spanish]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17194389?tool=bestpractice.com在奥地利格拉茨,2000年到2004年间诊断为外阴阴道念珠菌病妇女中,非白色念珠菌占12.1%。[6]Paulitsch A, Weger W, Ginter-Hanselmayer G, et al. A 5-year (2000-2004) epidemiological survey of Candida and non-Candida yeast species causing vulvovaginal candidiasis in Graz, Austria. Mycoses. 2006;49:471-475.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17022763?tool=bestpractice.com
相对于白人妇女,黑人妇女中白色念珠菌感染率更高。[7]Foxman B, Barlow R, D'Arcy H, et al. Candida vaginitis: self-reported incidence and associated costs. Sex Transm Dis. 2000;27:230-235.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10782746?tool=bestpractice.com
有关古巴哈瓦那妊娠女性的一项研究显示,孕妇的念珠菌病患病率为42.3%,滴虫病的患病率为9.84%。[8]Limia OF, Lantero MI. Prevalence of Candida albicans and Trichomonas vaginalis in pregnant women in Havana City by an immunologic latex agglutination test. MedGenMed. 2004;6:50.在越南河内,就诊于母亲儿童保健和家庭计划诊所的妇女中,下生殖道感染的患病率(她们中的大部分已婚且为单个性伴侣):念珠菌,11.1%;阴道毛滴虫,1.3%;沙眼衣原体,4.4%;细菌性阴道病,3.5%。[9]Anh PK, Khanh NT, Ha DT, et al. Prevalence of lower genital tract infection among women attending maternal and child health and family planning clinics in Hanoi, Vietnam. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2003;34:367-373.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12971565?tool=bestpractice.com
萎缩性阴道炎可能影响高达40%的绝经后妇女,但仅有少数人就诊。[10]Pandit L, Ouslander JG. Postmenopausal vaginal atrophy and atrophic vaginitis. Am J Med Sci. 1997;34:228-231.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9332260?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Bachmann GA, Nevadunsky NS. Diagnosis and treatment of atrophic vaginitis. Am Fam Physician. 2000;61:3090-3096.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10839558?tool=bestpractice.com