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Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64:1-137.

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Chollet JA. Efficacy and safety of ultra-low-dose Vagifem (10 mcg). Patient Prefer Adherence. 2011;5:571-574.

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1.  Ness RB, Hillier SL, Richter HE, et al. Douching in relation to bacterial vaginosis, lactobacilli, and facultative bacteria in the vagina. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;100:765-772.

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2.  Egan ME, Lipsky MS. Diagnosis of vaginitis. Am Fam Physician. 2000;62:1095-1104.

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3.  Kent HL. Epidemiology of vaginitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;165:1168-1176.

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4.  World Health Organization. Global prevalence and incidence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2001.

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5.  Rivera-Sanchez R, Flores-Paz R, Arriaga-Alba M. Identification of Candida species causing vaginitis in Mexican patients. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2006;24:634-636. [in Spanish]

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6.  Paulitsch A, Weger W, Ginter-Hanselmayer G, et al. A 5-year (2000-2004) epidemiological survey of Candida and non-Candida yeast species causing vulvovaginal candidiasis in Graz, Austria. Mycoses. 2006;49:471-475.

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7.  Foxman B, Barlow R, D'Arcy H, et al. Candida vaginitis: self-reported incidence and associated costs. Sex Transm Dis. 2000;27:230-235.

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8.  Limia OF, Lantero MI. Prevalence of Candida albicans and Trichomonas vaginalis in pregnant women in Havana City by an immunologic latex agglutination test. MedGenMed. 2004;6:50.

9.  Anh PK, Khanh NT, Ha DT, et al. Prevalence of lower genital tract infection among women attending maternal and child health and family planning clinics in Hanoi, Vietnam. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2003;34:367-373.

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10.  Pandit L, Ouslander JG. Postmenopausal vaginal atrophy and atrophic vaginitis. Am J Med Sci. 1997;34:228-231.

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11.  Bachmann GA, Nevadunsky NS. Diagnosis and treatment of atrophic vaginitis. Am Fam Physician. 2000;61:3090-3096.

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12.  Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64:1-137.

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13.  Hobbs MM, Lapple DM, Lawing LF, et al. Methods for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in the male partners of infected women: implications for control of trichomoniasis. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:3994-3999.

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14.  Sena AC, Miller WC, Hobbs MM, et al. Trichomonas vaginalis infection in male sexual partners: implications for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:13-22.

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15.  Taha TE, Hoover DR, Dallabetta GA, et al. Bacterial vaginosis and disturbances of vaginal flora: association with increased acquisition of HIV. AIDS. 1998;12:1699-1706.

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16.  Wilton L, Kollarova M, Heeley E, et al. Relative risk of vaginal candidiasis after use of antibiotics compared with antidepressants in women: postmarketing surveillance data in England. Drug Saf. 2003;26:589-597.

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17.  Duerr A, Heilig CM, Meikle SF, et al. Incident and persistent vulvovaginal candidiasis among human immunodeficiency virus-infected women: risk factors and severity. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101:548-556.

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18.  De Leon EM, Jacober SJ, Sobel JD, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for vaginal Candida colonization in women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. BMC Infect Dis. 2002;2:1.

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19.  Joesoef MR, Karundeng A, Runtupalit C, et al. High rate of bacterial vaginosis among women with intrauterine devices in Manado, Indonesia. Contraception. 2001;64:169-172.

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20.  Smart S, Singal A, Mindel A. Social and sexual risk factors for bacterial vaginosis. Sex Transm Infect. 2004;80:58-62.

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21.  Otero L, Palacio V, Carreno F, et al. Vulvovaginal candidiasis in female sex workers. Int J STD AIDS. 1998;9:526-530.

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22.  Tolosa JE, Chaithongwongwatthana S, Daly S, et al. The International Infections in Pregnancy (IIP) study: variations in the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and distribution of morphotypes in vaginal smears among pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195:1198-1204.

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23.  Van Kessel K, Assefi N, Marrazzo J, et al. Common complementary and alternative therapies for yeast vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2003;58:351-358.

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24.  ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins--Gynecology. ACOG Practice Bulletin. Clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists, Number 72, May 2006: Vaginitis. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107:1195-1206.

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25.  Hainer BL, Gibson MV. Vaginitis. Am Fam Physician. 2011;83:807-815.

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26.  Amsel R, Totten PA, Spiegel CA, et al. Nonspecific vaginitis: diagnostic criteria and microbial and epidemiologic associations. Am J Med. 1983;74:14-22.

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27.  Nugent RP, Krohn MA, Hillier SL. Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation. J Clin Microbiol. 1991;29:297-301.

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28.  Madico G, Quinn TC, Rompalo A, et al. Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection by PCR using vaginal swab samples. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:3205-3210.

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29.  Sharma P, Malla N, Gupta I, et al. A comparison of wet mount, culture and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of trichomoniasis in women. Trop Geogr Med. 1991;43:257-260.

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30.  US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy to prevent preterm delivery: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:214-219.

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31.  Brandt M, Abels C, May T, et al. Intravaginally applied metronidazole is as effective as orally applied in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis, but exhibits significantly less side effects. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2008;141:158-162.

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32.  Oduyebo OO, Anorlu RI, Ogunsola FT, et al. The effects of antimicrobial therapy on bacterial vaginosis in non-pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(3):CD006055.

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33.  Menard JP. Antibacterial treatment of bacterial vaginosis: current and emerging therapies. Int J Womens Health. 2011;3:295-305.

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34.  Sobel JD, Ferris D, Schwebke J, et al. Suppressive antibacterial therapy with 0.75% metronidazole vaginal gel to prevent recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;194:1283-1289.

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35.  Boselli F, Petrella E, Campedelli A, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of fitostimoline (vaginal cream, ovules, and vaginal washing) and of benzydamine hydrochloride (tantum rosa vaginal cream and vaginal washing) in the topical treatment of symptoms of bacterial vaginosis. ISRN Obstet Gynecol. 2012;2012:183403.

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36.  Verstraelen H, Verhelst R, Roelens K, et al. Antiseptics and disinfectants for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12:148.

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37.  Weissenbacher ER, Donders G, Unzeitig V, et al. A comparison of dequalinium chloride vaginal tablets (Fluomizin®) and clindamycin vaginal cream in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a single-blind, randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2012;73:8-15.

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38.  Nanda N, Michel RG, Kurdgelashvili G, et al. Trichomoniasis and its treatment. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2006;4:125-135.

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39.  Nurbhai M, Grimshaw J, Watson M, et al. Oral versus intra-vaginal imidazole and triazole anti-fungal treatment of uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis (thrush). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD002845.

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40.  Krychman ML. Vaginal estrogens for the treatment of dyspareunia. J Sex Med. 2011;8:666-674.

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41.  Chollet JA. Efficacy and safety of ultra-low-dose Vagifem (10 mcg). Patient Prefer Adherence. 2011;5:571-574.

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42.  Gülmezoglu AM, Azhar M. Interventions for trichomoniasis in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(5):CD000220.

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43.  Castelo-Branco C, Cancelo MJ. Compounds for the treatment of atropic vaginitis. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 2008;18:1385-1394.

44.  Henriksson L, Stjernquist M, Boquist L, et al. A one-year multicenter study of efficacy and safety of a continuous, low-dose, estradiol-releasing vaginal ring (Estring) in postmenopausal women with symptoms and signs of urogenital aging. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174:85-92.

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45.  Suckling J, Lethaby A, Kennedy R. Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(4):CD001500.

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46.  Wolner-Hanssen P, Krieger JN, Stevens CE, et al. Clinical manifestations of vaginal trichomoniasis. JAMA. 1989;261:571-576.

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47.  Mølgaard-Nielsen D, Pasternak B, Hviid A. Use of oral fluconazole during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:830-839.

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48.  Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA to review study examining use of oral fluconazole (Diflucan) in pregnancy. April 2016. http://www.fda.gov/ (last accessed 10 October 2016).

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49.  Petersen EE, Genet M, Caserini M, et al. Efficacy of vitamin C vaginal tablets in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled clinical trial. Arzneimittelforschung. 2011;61:260-265.

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50.  Svare JA, Schmidt H, Hansen BB, et al. Bacterial vaginosis in a cohort of Danish pregnant women: prevalence and relationship with preterm delivery, low birthweight and perinatal infections. BJOG. 2006;113:1419-1425.

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51.  McGregor JA, French JI, Parker R, et al. Prevention of premature birth by screening and treatment for common genital tract infections: results of a prospective controlled evaluation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;173:157-167.

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52.  Brocklehurst P, Gordon A, Heatley E, et al. Antibiotics for treating bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2013;(1):CD000262.

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53.  St John E, Mares D, Spear GT. Bacterial vaginosis and host immunity. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2007;4:22-28.

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54.  McClelland RS, Sangare L, Hassan WM, et al. Infection with Trichomonas vaginalis increases the risk of HIV-1 acquisition. J Infect Dis. 2007;195:698-702.

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