细菌性阴道病
有症状的细菌性阴道病的女性均需治疗。[12]Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64:1-137.http://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26042815?tool=bestpractice.com尽管细菌性阴道病会增加妊娠风险和新生儿并发症风险,孕妇和非孕妇治疗唯一证实的益处是缓解阴道症状,降低感染体征和降低感染HIV和其他性传播疾病的潜在风险(如沙眼衣原体,淋病奈瑟氏菌,病毒性性传播疾病)。
非妊娠女性,首选甲硝唑。[12]Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64:1-137.http://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26042815?tool=bestpractice.com外用和口服甲硝唑同样有效,但阴道内用甲硝唑不良事件更少。[31]Brandt M, Abels C, May T, et al. Intravaginally applied metronidazole is as effective as orally applied in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis, but exhibits significantly less side effects. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2008;141:158-162.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18775597?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Oduyebo OO, Anorlu RI, Ogunsola FT, et al. The effects of antimicrobial therapy on bacterial vaginosis in non-pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(3):CD006055.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006055.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19588379?tool=bestpractice.com治愈率:有中等质量的循证显示,对患细菌性阴道病的女性,使用甲硝唑凝胶或克林霉素软膏阴道内抗菌治疗25-39天时,与安慰剂组相比在提高治愈率方面更加有效。[31]Brandt M, Abels C, May T, et al. Intravaginally applied metronidazole is as effective as orally applied in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis, but exhibits significantly less side effects. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2008;141:158-162.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18775597?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Oduyebo OO, Anorlu RI, Ogunsola FT, et al. The effects of antimicrobial therapy on bacterial vaginosis in non-pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(3):CD006055.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006055.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19588379?tool=bestpractice.com口服甲硝唑会引起恶心和口腔金属味。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。甲硝唑单剂量口服疗法对细菌性阴道病的疗效最低,因此不再建议使用。治愈率:有高质量证据表明,相对于单次服药,每日2次口服抗菌药甲硝唑7天,可有效提高治愈率。[33]Menard JP. Antibacterial treatment of bacterial vaginosis: current and emerging therapies. Int J Womens Health. 2011;3:295-305.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181210/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21976983?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
对于有甲硝唑治疗禁忌或不能耐受甲硝唑的患者,阴道用克林霉素软膏是是可供选择的一线治疗方案。[32]Oduyebo OO, Anorlu RI, Ogunsola FT, et al. The effects of antimicrobial therapy on bacterial vaginosis in non-pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(3):CD006055.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006055.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19588379?tool=bestpractice.com治愈率:有质量较差的证据显示,相对于甲硝唑治疗非妊娠细菌性阴道病妇女,7-10天疗程的克林霉素可以有效提高治愈率。[32]Oduyebo OO, Anorlu RI, Ogunsola FT, et al. The effects of antimicrobial therapy on bacterial vaginosis in non-pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(3):CD006055.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006055.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19588379?tool=bestpractice.com阴道用克林霉素可引起轻至重度的大肠炎和阴道念珠菌病。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。二线治疗方案包括口服替硝唑,口服克林霉素和阴道用克林霉素胶囊。替硝唑比甲硝唑血清半衰期更长,在泌尿生殖道也可达更高浓度水平。
对持续或复发的感染,完成一个推荐方案后,可再用4-6个月甲硝唑。[34]Sobel JD, Ferris D, Schwebke J, et al. Suppressive antibacterial therapy with 0.75% metronidazole vaginal gel to prevent recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;194:1283-1289.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16647911?tool=bestpractice.com复发:有中等质量证据显示,细菌性阴道病的复发发生在抗菌治疗后。[34]Sobel JD, Ferris D, Schwebke J, et al. Suppressive antibacterial therapy with 0.75% metronidazole vaginal gel to prevent recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;194:1283-1289.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16647911?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。抑制疗法已表明能够降低复发风险,但此益处在停用后很可能无法持续。[34]Sobel JD, Ferris D, Schwebke J, et al. Suppressive antibacterial therapy with 0.75% metronidazole vaginal gel to prevent recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;194:1283-1289.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16647911?tool=bestpractice.com
妊娠女性可以安全使用口服甲硝唑。口服克林霉素是有效的替代治疗方案。[12]Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64:1-137.http://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26042815?tool=bestpractice.com
患者使用甲硝唑和替硝唑期间,及最后服用甲硝唑后24小时和替硝唑72小时应避免喝酒。育龄期妇女需要注意,由于油性配方,克林霉素软膏使用后5天内会减弱乳胶避孕套/子宫帽的作用。
虽然可用非抗生素治疗(如炎痛静),但其安全性和有效性并没有长期有效的科学数据支持。[35]Boselli F, Petrella E, Campedelli A, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of fitostimoline (vaginal cream, ovules, and vaginal washing) and of benzydamine hydrochloride (tantum rosa vaginal cream and vaginal washing) in the topical treatment of symptoms of bacterial vaginosis. ISRN Obstet Gynecol. 2012;2012:183403.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3503305/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23209922?tool=bestpractice.com目前也没有明确的科学证据支持细菌性阴道炎使用防腐剂和消毒剂。[36]Verstraelen H, Verhelst R, Roelens K, et al. Antiseptics and disinfectants for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12:148.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3458956/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22742642?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Weissenbacher ER, Donders G, Unzeitig V, et al. A comparison of dequalinium chloride vaginal tablets (Fluomizin®) and clindamycin vaginal cream in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a single-blind, randomized clinical trial of efficacy and safety. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2012;73:8-15.http://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/332398http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22205034?tool=bestpractice.com
滴虫病
治疗滴虫病可以缓解症状,微生物治愈和降低传染性。[12]Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64:1-137.http://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26042815?tool=bestpractice.com没必要对所有病例进行微生物分离:如,先前有过滴虫病病史或性伴侣患有已知疾病的有症状患者。
大部分病例,使用甲硝唑单次给药治疗对妊娠期妇女和非妊娠女性已经足够,治疗性伴侣将有助于预防复发。
对于耐药微生物和持续的感染,需要使用不同的治疗方法。这包括大剂量甲硝唑治疗或使用替硝唑治疗。替硝唑用于治疗滴虫病,可以认为是传统的甲硝唑治疗的替代方案。[38]Nanda N, Michel RG, Kurdgelashvili G, et al. Trichomoniasis and its treatment. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2006;4:125-135.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16441214?tool=bestpractice.com替硝唑比甲硝唑血清半衰期更长,在泌尿生殖道也可达更高浓度水平。对阴道毛滴虫株,替硝唑比甲硝唑有更低的最低有效抑菌浓度(MICs)。[12]Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64:1-137.http://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26042815?tool=bestpractice.com
使用甲硝唑和替硝唑期间,及最后服用甲硝唑后24小时和替硝唑72小时应避免喝酒。[12]Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64:1-137.http://www.cdc.gov/std/tg2015/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26042815?tool=bestpractice.com
尽管不是100%有效,仍应与患者讨论使用避孕套预防部分性传播疾病。
外阴阴道念珠菌病
几种治疗方案药可供选择,包括阴道内用药和口服用药方案。区分单纯性和复杂性念珠菌阴道炎(复发,重度,念珠菌而非白色念珠菌感染,妊娠和免疫力低下包括糖尿病患者)很重要。
对单纯性感染,可用口服或局部用唑类抗真菌药物治疗。临床治愈:有高质量证据表明,阴道用药和口服唑类药物治疗念珠菌病,在临床治愈率方面并没有差异。[39]Nurbhai M, Grimshaw J, Watson M, et al. Oral versus intra-vaginal imidazole and triazole anti-fungal treatment of uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis (thrush). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD002845.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002845.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17943774?tool=bestpractice.com两种方式治疗均出现了不良反应。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
对于复杂性感染,短期抗真菌(口服或局部)初始治疗后,继续进行约6个月巩固治疗(口服或局部)。
妊娠期妇女仅局部应用唑类抗真菌药,疗程不超过7天。
如患者同时患有糖尿病,改善血糖控制也可以预防复发。