治疗的主要目的就是缓解疼痛,恢复功能。治疗从患者的教育及自我保健指导开始,然后才考虑使用循证医学证实有效的治疗方法,包括药物治疗缓解疼痛、缓解肌肉痉挛以及物理治疗。患者教育是下腰痛治疗的基础。[50]Engers A, Jellema P, Wensing M, et al. Individual patient education for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD004057.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004057.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18254037?tool=bestpractice.com
生活方式的改变
对于患者的教育应该着重强调非特异性下腰痛治疗的总体预后情况还是比较满意的,但是复发风险高。应鼓励患者尽早恢复日常活动。最近的Cochrane研究认为,与卧床休息相比,保持日常活动能小幅改善疼痛及提高功能状态。症状缓解:中等强度证据表明,对于急性下腰痛患者,在发病后3-12周时,保持日常活动比卧床更能有效减轻疼痛。并且一项来自于系统性评价的高质量证据证明,保持日常活动避免卧床有利于急性非特异性下腰痛的紧急治疗。[51]Dahm KT, Brurberg KG, Jamtvedt G, et al. Advice to rest in bed versus advice to stay active for acute low-back pain and sciatica. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(6):CD007612.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20556780?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。医生应该告知患者,恢复日常活动不会加重下腰痛的病症或是造成严重背部损伤,从而鼓励患者遵守治疗原则。同时还可建议患者在适当时自行做冷热敷治疗,即冰敷症状缓解:一项系统评价研究(低等强度证据)认为冰敷有利于急性非特异性下腰痛的紧急治疗。[52]French SD, Cameron M, Walker BF, et al. Superficial heat or cold for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(1):CD004750.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004750.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/110034?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。或热疗症状缓解:中等强度证据表明,与对照组对比,热敷有利于减轻急性下腰痛患者的疼痛与僵硬。而且比非甾体抗炎药和对乙酰氨基酚更有效。[53]Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, et al. Continuous low-level heatwrap therapy for treating acute nonspecific low back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84:329-334.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12638099?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Nadler SF, Steiner DJ, Erasala GN, et al. Continuous low-level heat wrap therapy provides more efficacy than ibuprofen and acetaminophen for acute low back pain. Spine. 2002;27:1012-1017.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12004166?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Tao XG, Bernacki EJ. A randomized clinical trial of continuous low-level heat therapy for acute muscular low back pain in the workplace. J Occup Environ Med. 2005;47:1298-1306.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16340712?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。[56]Oliveira VC, Ferreira PH, Maher CG, et al. Effectiveness of self-management of low back pain: systematic review with meta-analysis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;64:1739-1748.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22623349?tool=bestpractice.com。
药物治疗
在告知患者药物的疗效和相关的风险后进行治疗。对于无消化系统、心血管系统心血管风险:中等质量证据表明,与安慰剂相比,塞来昔布与心血管事件风险增加相关,但未与其他非甾体抗炎药对比。[57]Mukherjee, D, Nissen, SE, Topol, EJ. Risk of cardiovascular events associated with selective cox-2 inhibitors. JAMA. 2001;286:954-959.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11509060?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。心血管风险:中等质量证据表明,服用非甾体抗炎药后心血管事件的相对风险为:萘普生 = 0.97(95% 置信区间为 0.87-1.07);塞来昔布 = 1.06(95% 置信区间为 0.91-1.23);吡罗昔康 = 1.06(95% 置信区间为 0.70-1.59);布洛芬 = 1.07(95% 置信区间为 0.9-1.18);罗非昔布(<25 mg/日)= 1.33(95% 置信区间为 1.00-1.79);吲哚美辛= 1.30(95% 置信区间为 1.07-1.60);罗非考昔(>25 mg/日)=2.19(95% 置信区间为 1.64-2.91)。[58]McGettigan P, Henry D. Cardiovascular risk and inhibition of cyclooxygenase: a systematic review of the observational studies of selective and nonselective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase 2. JAMA. 2006;296:1633-1644.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16968831?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。以及肾脏严重共病的患者,一线药物治疗包括短期使用非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID)。症状缓解:低等强度证据证明,对于下腰痛或坐骨神经痛,非甾体抗炎药的效果优于安慰剂对照组。然而,非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID) 的疗效评估结论不一,一项系统评价提供的优质证据表明 NSAID 比安慰剂更能缓解急性腰痛。[59]Roelofs PD, Deyo RA, Koes BW, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD000396.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18253976?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。症状缓解:高等强度证据表明,治疗急性下腰痛时各类非甾体抗炎药效果近似。[59]Roelofs PD, Deyo RA, Koes BW, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD000396.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18253976?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Zippel H, Wagenitz A. A multicentre, randomised, double-blind study comparing the efficacy and tolerability of intramuscular dexketoprofen versus diclofenac in the symptomatic treatment of acute low back pain. Clin Drug Investig. 2007;27:533-543.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17638394?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Ximenes A, Robles M, Sands G, et al. Valdecoxib is as efficacious as diclofenac in the treatment of acute low back pain. Clin J Pain. 2007;23:244-250.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17314584?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。如存在使用非甾体抗炎药的禁忌症,对于没有肝脏共病的患者,可考虑短程使用对乙酰氨基酚,不过目前尚无高质量的试验证实支持或反对其对于急性非特异性腰痛的疗效。[62]Davies RA, Maher CG, Hancock MJ, et al. A systematic review of paracetamol for non-specific low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2008;17:1423-1430.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2583194/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18797937?tool=bestpractice.com症状缓解:一项来自于系统评价的低质量证据表示,在缓解急性下腰痛患者的疼痛方面,无确定性证据证实对乙酰氨基酚是否优于非甾体抗炎药。[59]Roelofs PD, Deyo RA, Koes BW, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD000396.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18253976?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。此外,Cochrane 系统评价就对乙酰氨基酚治疗腰疼究竟是否有疗效提出了质疑。[63]Saragiotto BT, Machado GC, Ferreira ML, et al. Paracetamol for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(6):CD012230.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012230/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27271789?tool=bestpractice.com对乙酰氨基酚对椎关节强硬似乎没有任何疗效。[64]Machado GC, Maher CG, Ferreira PH, et al. Efficacy and safety of paracetamol for spinal pain and osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo controlled trials. BMJ. 2015;350:h1225.http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h1225.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25828856?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Williams CM, Maher CG, Latimer J, et al. Efficacy of paracetamol for acute low-back pain: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;384:1586-1596.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25064594?tool=bestpractice.com应考虑同时短期使用肌肉松弛剂。症状缓解:低质量证据表明,在急性下腰痛患者中,苯二氮卓类在缓解疼痛方面比安慰剂效果更好。总体来讲,多项试验表明不同种肌肉松弛剂疗效无明显差异。[66]van Tulder MW, Touray T, Fulan AD, et al. Muscle relaxants for nonspecific low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(4):CD004252.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12804507?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。因为有滥用的可能,苯二氮平类药物和卡立普多(carisoprodol)不能作为一线用药(或者完全不能用)。如果下腰痛较重,正规药物治疗、冷热敷以及恢复日常活动等治疗仍不能控制病情,可以考虑使用曲马多或阿片类药物,虽然有研究认为阿片类药物对于长期疗效有影响。症状缓解:低强度证据认为,在缓解急性下腰痛患者的疼痛方面,阿片类止疼药比非甾体抗炎药更有效。而且有低质量的证据表明,早期使用阿片类药物可能导致远期结果更差,包括阿片类药物持续使用的需求、需要进一步脊柱手术干预以及功能障碍等。[67]Webster BS, Verma SK, Gatchel RJ. Relationship between early opioid prescribing for acute occupational low back pain and disability duration, medical costs, subsequent surgery and late opioid use. Spine. 2007;32:2127-2132.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17762815?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Mahmud MA, Webster BS, Courtney TK, et al. Clinical management and the duration of disability for work-related low back pain. J Occup Environ Med. 2000;42:1178-1187.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11125681?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。对于麻醉药物的持续使用应该按照治疗指南执行。[69]Alford DP. Chronic back pain with possible prescription opioid misuse. JAMA. 2013;309:919-925.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23462788?tool=bestpractice.com
物理疗法
物理治疗对于持续时间超过4-6周的下腰痛患者有效,尽管支持此做法的数据没有定论。症状缓解:中等质量证据认为对与急性下腰痛而言,运动疗法与不治疗效果类似。[70]Hayden JA, van Tulder MW, Malmivaara A, et al. Exercise therapy for the treatment of non-specific low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(3):CD000335.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000335.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16034851?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。可提供转诊物理治疗,治疗方法包括:脊柱拉伸、核心肌群的训练以及适当的有氧运动。症状缓解:来自于临床试验汇集分析的中等质量证据证实,对于急性下腰痛而言,运动疗法并不能改善疼痛评分,或功能结果。[70]Hayden JA, van Tulder MW, Malmivaara A, et al. Exercise therapy for the treatment of non-specific low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(3):CD000335.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000335.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16034851?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。理疗师可以选择冰敷、热敷或超声波治疗,但这些仅应作为运动治疗的辅助治疗。
积极物理治疗指患者自发的治疗下腰痛的运动,包括各种拉伸、力量训练以及有氧运动训练。有关运动疗法的研究在频率、持续时间、理疗师指导或说明以及采用的特定手法方面各有不同。这些巨大的差异是运动疗法研究所面临的主要挑战,没有确定的证据提示特定的运动或日常活动要优于其他方法。[71]Schaafsma F, Schonstein E, Ojajärvi A, et al. Physical conditioning programs for improving work outcomes among workers with back pain. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2011;37:1-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20700550?tool=bestpractice.com
大部分的背部训练项目目的是增强核心肌群力量(腹直肌、腹斜肌、竖脊肌、盆底肌和背阔肌),携氧能力以及脊柱柔韧性(屈、伸、侧弯、旋转)。与一般训练相比,核心稳定性训练、力量和抗阻练习以及协调/稳定性练习项目可更为有效地缓解疼痛并短期改善慢性腰疼痛患者的功能。[72]Wang XQ, Zheng JJ, Yu ZW, et al. A meta-analysis of core stability exercise versus general exercise for chronic low back pain. PLoS One. 2012;7:e52082.http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0052082http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23284879?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Natour J, Cazotti Lde A, Ribeiro LH, et al. Pilates improves pain, function and quality of life in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2015;29:59-68.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24965957?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Searle A, Spink M, Ho A, et al. Exercise interventions for the treatment of chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Clin Rehabil. 2015;29:1155-1167.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25681408?tool=bestpractice.com
尽管运动疗法对于急性非特异性腰痛不会带来有益作用,症状缓解:中等质量证据认为对与急性下腰痛而言,运动疗法与不治疗效果类似。[70]Hayden JA, van Tulder MW, Malmivaara A, et al. Exercise therapy for the treatment of non-specific low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(3):CD000335.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000335.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16034851?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。但确实降低了亚急性非特异性腰痛患者的工作缺勤率。发病率:中等质量证据认为运动治疗可减少亚急性下腰痛患者的休假时间。[75]Staal JB, Hlobil H, Twisk JW, et al. Graded activity for low back pain in occupational health care: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140:77-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14734329?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Lindstrom I, Ohlund C, Eek C, et al. The effect of graded activity on patients with subacute low back pain: a randomized prospective clinical study with an operant-conditioning behavioral approach. Phys Ther. 1992;72:279-290.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1533941?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。训练疗法并不能减轻亚急性非特异性下腰痛患者的疼痛程度,也不能改善其功能状态。[77]Choi BK, Verbeek JH, Tam WW, et al. Exercises for prevention of recurrences of low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(1):CD006555.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006555.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20091596?tool=bestpractice.com症状缓解:来自于临床试验汇集分析的中等质量证据证实,对于急性下腰痛而言,运动疗法并不能改善疼痛评分,或功能结果。[70]Hayden JA, van Tulder MW, Malmivaara A, et al. Exercise therapy for the treatment of non-specific low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(3):CD000335.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000335.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16034851?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
现已证明运动频率比运动类型、持续时间或者运动强度更重要。[78]Aleksiev AR. Ten-year follow-up of strengthening versus flexibility exercises with or without abdominal bracing in recurrent low back pain. Spine. 2014;39:997-1003.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24732860?tool=bestpractice.com
根据 meta 分析,可考虑将水疗用于运动治疗。[79]Barker AL, Talevski J, Morello RT, et al. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for musculoskeletal conditions: a meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95:1776-1786.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24769068?tool=bestpractice.com
一项研究提示小组治疗至少与个体治疗同样有效。[80]Díaz-Arribas MJ, Lovacs FM, Royuela A, et al; Spanish Back Pain Research Network. Effectiveness of the Godelieve Denys-Struyf (GDS) method in people with low back pain: cluster randomized controlled trial. Phys Ther. 2015;95:319-326.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25359444?tool=bestpractice.com
一项研究发现,对于不愿参加较剧烈运动的患者,仅进行监护下的行走不失为一项替代疗法,[81]Hurley DA, Tully MA, Lonsdale C, et al. Supervised walking in comparison with fitness training for chronic back pain in physiotherapy: results of the SWIFT single-blinded randomized controlled trial (ISRCTN17592092). Pain. 2015;156:131-147.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25599309?tool=bestpractice.com而系统评价发现没有证据支持行走优于常规治疗护理。[82]Lawford BJ, Walters J, Ferrar K. Does walking improve disability status, function, or quality of life in adults with chronic low back pain? A systematic review. Clin Rehabil. 2016;30:523-536.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26088673?tool=bestpractice.com只有低质量的证据表明,对于慢性腰痛,行走可能与其他非药物治疗同样有效。[82]Lawford BJ, Walters J, Ferrar K. Does walking improve disability status, function, or quality of life in adults with chronic low back pain? A systematic review. Clin Rehabil. 2016;30:523-536.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26088673?tool=bestpractice.com
另一项研究发现力量/抗阻以及协调/稳定性训练可产生优于严格有氧运动训练的积极结果。[74]Searle A, Spink M, Ho A, et al. Exercise interventions for the treatment of chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Clin Rehabil. 2015;29:1155-1167.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25681408?tool=bestpractice.com
认知行为治疗(Cognitive behavioural therapy, CBT)
一项随机对照研究发现,CBT 治疗 12 个月后,可使患者在疼痛缓解、功能改善方面获得更好的结局。[83]Lamb SE, Hansen Z, Lall R, et al. Group cognitive behavioural treatment for low-back pain in primary care: a randomised controlled trial and cost-effectiveness analysis. Lancet. 2010;375:916-923.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20189241?tool=bestpractice.com
转诊时应酌情对患者实行全面的心理社会学评估。
一个2010年的Cochrane综述发现操作治疗强于被动等待治疗,而行为治疗比其他常规治疗更能有效地缓解疼痛,但不能确定哪一种特定行为治疗更有效。[84]Henschke N, Ostelo RW, van Tulder MW, et al. Behavioural treatment for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD002014.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20614428?tool=bestpractice.com但此综述不包含另一项随机对照研究,该研究发现,对于亚急性或慢性下腰痛患者,认知行为心理治疗12个月后,可使患者在疼痛缓解、功能改善方面获得更好的结局。后面的这项随机对照试验还证明了在这组病例中认知行为心理治疗的成本效益。[83]Lamb SE, Hansen Z, Lall R, et al. Group cognitive behavioural treatment for low-back pain in primary care: a randomised controlled trial and cost-effectiveness analysis. Lancet. 2010;375:916-923.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20189241?tool=bestpractice.com而且,与初级医疗保健中的最佳临床实践建议相比,认知行为心理治疗组在12个月内能更有效地缓解下腰痛和功能障碍,而且治疗效果平均能维持34个月。[85]Lamb SE, Mistry D, Lall R, et al. Group cognitive behavioural interventions for low back pain in primary care: extended follow-up of the Back Skills Training Trial (ISRCTN54717854). Pain. 2012;153:494-501.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22226729?tool=bestpractice.com
一项随机对照临床试验 (RCT) 发现,对于有慢性疼痛共患精神痛苦的患者,通过互联网提供的基于 CBT 的治疗带来了更佳的结局,[86]Buhrman M, Syk M, Burvall O, et al. Individualized guided internet-delivered cognitive-behavior therapy for chronic pain patients with comorbid depression and anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. Clin J Pain. 2015;31:504-516.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25380222?tool=bestpractice.com并且另一项研究显示,可以通过在线程序提供 CBT。[87]Dear BF, Gandy M, Karin E, et al. The Pain Course: a randomised controlled trial examining an internet-delivered pain management program when provided with different levels of clinician support. Pain. 2015;156:1920-1935.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26039902?tool=bestpractice.com此外,在缓解成人慢性腰痛患者的疼痛和功能受限上,发现 CBT 与基于正念的压力缓解方法同样有效。[88]Cherkin DC, Sherman KJ, Balderson BH, et al. Effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction vs cognitive behavioral therapy or usual care on back pain and functional limitations in adults with chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;315:1240-1249.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2504811http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27002445?tool=bestpractice.com
一项系统评价和 meta 分析发现,心理干预确实降低了慢性腰痛的医疗开销,但在工作损失等其他结局指标上并非如此。[89]Pike A, Hearn L, Williams AC. Effectiveness of psychological interventions for chronic pain on health care use and work absence: systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain. 2016;157:777-785.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26645543?tool=bestpractice.com
多学科康复
对于迁延不愈、伴随功能障碍的腰痛患者应考虑采用多学科康复,还可采用推拿和运动疗法。[1]Chou R, Qaseem A, Snow V, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:478-491.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=736814http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17909209?tool=bestpractice.com[90]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Low back pain in adults: early management. May 2009. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 14 September 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG88[91]Cherkin DC, Sherman KJ, Avins AL, et al. A randomized trial comparing acupuncture, simulated acupuncture, and usual care for chronic low back pain. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:858-866.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19433697?tool=bestpractice.com[92]van Middelkoop M, Rubinstein SM, Verhagen AP, et al. Exercise therapy for chronic nonspecific low-back pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2010;24:193-204.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20227641?tool=bestpractice.com按摩可能对慢性腰痛治疗有益,特别是与患者的教育、运动疗法结合使用时效果更好。[93]Furlan AD, Imamura M, Dryden T, et al. Massage for low back pain: an updated systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane Back Review Group. Spine. 2009;34:1669-1684.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19561560?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Cherkin DC, Sherman KJ, Kahn J, et al. A comparison of the effects of 2 types of massage and usual care on chronic low back pain: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155:1-9.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=747008http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21727288?tool=bestpractice.com目前测试了很多种训练方法,包括亚历山大技术,但很少有证据证明哪种方法最好。[71]Schaafsma F, Schonstein E, Ojajärvi A, et al. Physical conditioning programs for improving work outcomes among workers with back pain. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2011;37:1-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20700550?tool=bestpractice.com[95]Little P, Lewith, G, Webley F, et al. Randomised controlled trial of Alexander technique lessons, exercise, and massage (ATEAM) for chronic and recurrent back pain. BMJ. 2008;337:438-441.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18713809?tool=bestpractice.com[96]Woodman JP, Moore NR. Evidence for the effectiveness of Alexander Technique lessons in medical and health-related conditions: a systematic review. Int J Clin Pract. 2012;66:98-112.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22171910?tool=bestpractice.com
一项 meta 分析发现,与接受常规护理或物理治疗的患者相比,接受针对慢性腰痛的多学科生物心理康复治疗的患者可能较少感到疼痛和较少发生失能。[97]Kamper SJ, Apeldoorn AT, Chairotto A, et al. Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for chronic low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(9):CD000963.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000963.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25180773?tool=bestpractice.com[98]Kamper SJ, Apeldoorn AT, Chiarotto A, et al. Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for chronic low back pain: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2015;350:h444.http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h444.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25694111?tool=bestpractice.com
其他治疗
常规建议:
腰椎推拿
这是一个循证医学证明有效的治疗方法。
脊柱推拿的手法多种多样,但都涉及手工活动脊柱以取得治疗效果。实施推拿的医生、推拿师、理疗医生受到的训练不尽相同,所以推拿的技术也各不相同。
没有证据证明某一种手法优于其他。[99]Castro-Sánchez AM, Lara-Palomo IC, Matarán-Peñarrocha GA, et al. Short-term effectiveness of spinal manipulative therapy versus functional technique in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Spine J. 2016;16:302-312.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26362233?tool=bestpractice.com最常用的手法是高速、低频运动。
已证实,脊柱推拿治疗比安慰剂治疗效果好,但并不优于或与日常护理疗效相当(例如全科医生提供的常规护理包括镇痛药、锻炼、物理治疗以及腰背训练)。[100]Bronfort G, Haas M, Evans R, et al. Evidence-informed management of chronic low back pain with spinal manipulation and mobilization. Spine J. 2008;8:213-225.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18164469?tool=bestpractice.com[101]Rubinstein SM, van Middelkoop M, Assendelft WJ, et al. Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(2):CD008112.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21328304?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Rubinstein SM, Terwee CB, Assendelft WJ, et al. Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(9):CD008880.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972127?tool=bestpractice.com症状缓解:低强度证据表明脊柱推拿或脊椎指压治疗法在短期缓解急性下腰痛时可能更有效。一项研究认为,中等质量证据表明,推拿对急性下腰痛有短期适度的疗效。但与传统治疗无明显差别。[101]Rubinstein SM, van Middelkoop M, Assendelft WJ, et al. Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(2):CD008112.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21328304?tool=bestpractice.com[102]Rubinstein SM, Terwee CB, Assendelft WJ, et al. Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(9):CD008880.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972127?tool=bestpractice.com而且有证据认为腰椎推拿治疗急性、非特异性下腰痛效果最好。[103]Childs JD, Fritz JM, Flynn TW, et al. A clinical prediction rule to identify patients with low back pain most likely to benefit from spinal manipulation: a validation study. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:920-928.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15611489?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
因此,腰椎按摩是下腰痛治疗的另一个可行选择,尤其适用于拒绝或是无法耐受一线药物治疗的患者。但是,最佳的脊柱推拿治疗时间、治疗频率还不确定,因此应充分考虑治疗花费、患者的偏好、按摩师及与其他治疗方式相比的安全性后再决定是否让患者做腰椎推拿。[102]Rubinstein SM, Terwee CB, Assendelft WJ, et al. Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(9):CD008880.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972127?tool=bestpractice.com
与颈椎部位相比,腰椎的脊柱推拿的风险较低。诸如马尾综合征和腰椎间盘突出症的严重不良事件十分少见。[104]Oliphant D. Safety of spinal manipulation in the treatment of lumbar disk herniations: a systematic review and risk assessment. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2004;27:197-210.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15129202?tool=bestpractice.com按摩后最常见的不良反应是短期腰背部疼痛、不适增加。[105]Barrett AJ, Breen AC. Adverse effects of spinal manipulation. J R Soc Med. 2000;93:258-259.http://jrs.sagepub.com/content/93/5/258.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10884771?tool=bestpractice.com[106]Ernst E. Adverse effects of spinal manipulation: a systematic review. J R Soc Med. 2007;100:330-338.http://jrs.sagepub.com/content/100/7/330.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17606755?tool=bestpractice.com
一项研究考察了最佳的治疗次数,发现 12 次最具疗效,任何 18 次以上的治疗都不会带来任何额外的益处。[107]Haas M, Vavrek D, Peterson D, et al. Dose-response and efficacy of spinal manipulation for care of chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Spine J. 2014;14:1106-1116.http://www.thespinejournalonline.com/article/S1529-9430%2813%2901390-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24139233?tool=bestpractice.com
皮质类固醇:
没有证据表明,口服、肌肉注射或是椎管内注射皮质类固醇激素对急性下腰痛治疗有益。[108]Friedman BW, Holden L, Esses D, et al. Parenteral corticosteroids for Emergency Department patients with non-radicular low back pain. J Emerg Med. 2006;31:365-370.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17046475?tool=bestpractice.com
针灸
中等证据表明针灸对于慢性非特异性下腰痛治疗有益,但对于急性下腰痛的治疗作用尚不明确。症状缓解:来自小型临床试验的低质量证据证实,针灸对于急性下腰痛治疗有益。[109]Furlan AD, van Tulder MW, Cherkin DC, et al. Acupuncture and dry-needling for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(1):CD001351.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15674876?tool=bestpractice.com[110]Manheimer E, White A, Berman B, et al. Meta-analysis: acupuncture for low back pain. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:651-663.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15838072?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
由于数据有限,高质量的系统性评价表明关于针灸用于急性下腰痛的治疗没有确定性结论。[111]Furlan AD, van Tulder M, Cherkin D, et al. Acupuncture and dry-needling for low back pain: an updated systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane Collaboration. Spine. 2005;30:944-963.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15834340?tool=bestpractice.com因此,下腰痛急性期不建议使用针灸治疗。慢性病程时可以考虑。[90]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Low back pain in adults: early management. May 2009. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 14 September 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG88
进行经皮电神经刺激 (Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, TENS) 时在患者皮肤上放置电极以便电脉冲通过电极刺激神经:
支持在急性病程时使用经皮电神经刺激治疗的证据非常有限。症状缓解:低质量证据表明,急性下腰痛患者在紧急转运至医院的过程中使用经皮电神经刺激治疗可减轻疼痛程度。[112]Bertalanffy A, Kober A, Bertalanffy P, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation reduces acute low back pain during emergency transport. Acad Emerg Med. 2005;12:607-611.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15995091?tool=bestpractice.com有限的证据证实,与对乙酰氨基酚对比,皮外电极针灸有优势。[113]Hackett GI, Seddon D, Kaminski D. Electroacupuncture compared with paracetamol for acute low back pain. Practitioner. 1988;232:163-164.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2973008?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
与针灸治疗相似,大多数关于电神经刺激治疗的研究都针对慢性下腰痛,由于缺少足够的证据,因此不建议在下腰痛急性期使用该种治疗方法。
牵引:
没有足够的证据支持使用牵引治疗急性非特异性下腰痛。症状缓解:来自队列研究的高质量证据表明,不管有没有引起下腰痛的坐骨神经痛,单独使用牵引对治疗下腰痛无效。支持将牵引作为标准物理治疗的补充疗法的证据有限,但也提示此做法缺乏有效性。[114]van Poppel MN, Koes BW, van der Ploeg T, et al. Lumbar supports and education for the prevention of low back pain in industry: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1998;279:1789-1794.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=187623http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9628709?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
腰托:
腰托对于下腰痛的初期预防并无作用。预防下腰痛:高等质量证据证实,腰托并不能有效减少下腰痛发生率,也不能减少患者的旷工时间。[115]van Duijvenbode IC, Jellema P, van Poppel MN, et al. Lumbar supports for prevention and treatment of low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(2):CD001823.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001823.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18425875?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。预防下腰痛:中等质量证据表明,腰托不能有效作为下腰痛的一级和二级预防。[116]Roelofs PD, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, van Poppel MN, et al. Lumbar supports to prevent recurrent low back pain among home care workers: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:685-692.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18025444?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。一项随机对照研究发现,腰托对于下腰痛的二级预防有轻微的益处。发病率:中等质量证据认为,腰托可能轻度降低下腰痛的发病时间和严重程度。[58]McGettigan P, Henry D. Cardiovascular risk and inhibition of cyclooxygenase: a systematic review of the observational studies of selective and nonselective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase 2. JAMA. 2006;296:1633-1644.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16968831?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。在慢性腰痛治疗中支具的用处尚不明确,因为与标准疗法相比其似乎并未降低疼痛评级。[117]Morrisette DC, Cholewicki J, Logan S, et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing extensible and inextensible lumbosacral orthoses and standard care alone in the management of lower back pain. Spine. 2014;39:1733-1742.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25054648?tool=bestpractice.com
按摩和瑜伽:
草药治疗:
Cochrane 系统评价发现,有些草药具有中等程度的疗效证据且似乎没有副作用。[118]Gagnier JJ, Oltean H, van Tulder MW, et al. Herbal medicine for low back pain: a Cochrane review. Spine. 2016;41:116-133.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26630428?tool=bestpractice.com
辅助治疗:
其他可考虑辅助治疗的疗法包括:注射治疗、外周神经刺激、手术、三环抗忧郁药及麻醉性镇痛药。
注射治疗充满争议。一项篇来自 Cochrane 协作网 (Cochrane Collaboration) 的综述发现,支持使用注射疗法治疗亚急性和慢性腰痛的证据不充分,[119]Staal JB, de Bie RA, de Vet HC, et al. Injection therapy for subacute and chronic low back pain: an updated Cochrane review. Spine. 2009;34:49-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19127161?tool=bestpractice.com另一项研究发现,建议椎骨关节面注射的证据不充分,并且支持或不支持采用骶髂注射治疗腰痛的证据也不充分。[120]Chou R, Hashimoto R, Friedly J, et al. Pain management injection therapies for low back pain. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), US; 2015.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0073206/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25879124?tool=bestpractice.com与此相反,美国介入疼痛医师协会(American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians)治疗指南建议,小关节疼痛检查阳性的患者可接受治疗性椎间关节神经阻滞,或射频神经切断,慢性腰背痛患者可获益于马尾神经注射治疗。[121]Manchikanti L, Boswell MV, SIngh V, et al. Comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for interventional techniques in the management of chronic spinal pain. Pain Physician. 2009;12:699-802.http://www.painphysicianjournal.com/2009/july/2009;12;699-802.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19644537?tool=bestpractice.com[122]Henschke N, Kuijpers T, Rubinstein SM, et al. Injection therapy and denervation procedures for chronic low-back pain: a systematic review. Eur Spine J. 2010;19:1425-1449.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00586-010-1411-0/fulltext.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20424870?tool=bestpractice.com[123]Falco FJ, Manchikanti L, Datta S, et al. An update of the effectiveness of therapeutic lumbar facet joint interventions. Pain Physician. 2012;15:E909-E953.http://www.painphysicianjournal.com/current/pdf?article=MTc4Ng%3D%3D&journal=71http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23159980?tool=bestpractice.com[124]Manchikanti L, Datta S, Derby R, et al. A critical review of the American Pain Society clinical practice guidelines for interventional techniques: Part 1. Diagnostic interventions. Pain Physician. 2010;13:E141-E174.http://www.painphysicianjournal.com/current/pdf?article=MTM0Mg%3D%3D&journal=55http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20495596?tool=bestpractice.com一项研究报告显示椎旁利多卡因注射以及常规治疗可能会有帮助。[125]Imamura M, Imamura ST, Tarquino RA, et al. Paraspinous lidocaine injection for chronic nonspecific low back pain: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Pain. 2016;17:569-576.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4910884/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26828801?tool=bestpractice.com
射频神经切断术疗效综述表明证据相互矛盾,目前对于慢性腰疼尚无明确的建议。[126]Maas ET, Ostelo RW, Niemisto L, et al. Radiofrequency denervation for chronic low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(10):CD008572.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008572.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26495910?tool=bestpractice.com[127]Poetscher AW, Gentil AF, Lenza M, et al. Radiofrequency denervation for facet joint low back pain: a systematic review. Spine. 2014;39:E842-E849.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24732848?tool=bestpractice.com
外周神经刺激是指将电极植入腰背部,与皮下的神经刺激器相连。原理是通过调节传递到大脑的疼痛信号从而减轻腰背部疼痛。英国国家卫生与临床优化研究院只建议在专门的机构对慢性下腰痛患者实施外周神经刺激治疗,这些机构应该有完善的审计监察、相当的研究能力、由政府管理并且需获得患者的知情同意。[128]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Peripheral nerve-field stimulation for chronic low back pain. March 2013. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 14 September 2016).http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg451英国国家卫生与临床优化研究院的综述指出评价该种治疗的有效性(质量和数量)、安全性以及随访体系的数据有限。在最近的一项研究中,对于腰痛和腿痛,高频疗法似乎优于标准的神经刺激法。[129]Kapural L, Yu C, Doust MW, et al. Novel 10-kHz high-frequency therapy (HF10 therapy) is superior to traditional low-frequency spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of chronic back and leg pain: the SENZA-RCT randomized controlled trial. Anesthesiology. 2015;123:851-860.http://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=2411790http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26218762?tool=bestpractice.com
总体上,很少有高质量的研究显示非介入性疗法在治疗椎间盘性腰痛方面有效。[130]Lu Y, Guzman JZ, Purmessur D, et al. Nonoperative management of discogenic back pain: a systematic review. Spine. 2014;39:1314-1324.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4144979/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24827515?tool=bestpractice.com对于伴常见退行性改变的非神经根型腰背痛,椎体融合与强化康复治疗相比并无优势,但与标准非手术治疗相比,椎体融合有少许至中等度优势。[41]Chou R, Baisden J, Carragee EJ, et al. Surgery for low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Spine. 2009;34:1094-1109.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19363455?tool=bestpractice.com对于核磁发现的退行性改变,缺乏数据证明手术治疗的必要性,因此认为慢性下腰痛患者,仅核磁发现退行性改变并不具有手术指征。[131]Chou D, Samartzis D, Bellabarba C, et al. Degenerative magnetic resonance imaging changes in patients with chronic low back pain: a systematic review. Spine. 2011;36(suppl 21):S43-S53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21952189?tool=bestpractice.com一项关于全椎间盘置换术的Cochrane回顾认为,尽管短期疗效与融合相当,但因为缺乏长期数据支持,医生应谨慎的采用这项技术。[132]Jacobs W, Van der Gaag NA, Tuschel A, et al. Total disc replacement for chronic back pain in the presence of disc degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(9):CD008326.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008326.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972118?tool=bestpractice.com一项研究发现,术前行 CBT 较常规治疗可改善结局。[133]Rolving N, Sogaard R, Nielsen CV, et al. Preoperative cognitive-behavioral patient education versus standard care for lumbar spinal fusion patients: economic evaluation alongside a randomized controlled trial. Spine. 2016;41:18-25.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26536443?tool=bestpractice.com另一项研究发现,在术后的前 4 周中进行物理疗法既安全又能够缓解疼痛。[134]Snowdon M, Peiris CL. Physiotherapy commenced within the first four weeks post-spinal surgery is safe and effective: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2016;97:292-301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26409101?tool=bestpractice.com缺乏好的客观指标,妨碍了开展高质量的随机对照临床试验。[135]Hedlund R, Johansson C, Hägg O, et al. The long-term outcome of lumbar fusion in the Swedish lumbar spine study. Spine J. 2016;16:579-587.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26363250?tool=bestpractice.com
对于手术而言,必须仔细恰当地选择病例,而且要评价其心理状态、社会人口学因素以及吸烟的情况。[131]Chou D, Samartzis D, Bellabarba C, et al. Degenerative magnetic resonance imaging changes in patients with chronic low back pain: a systematic review. Spine. 2011;36(suppl 21):S43-S53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21952189?tool=bestpractice.com[136]Daubs MD, Norvell DC, McGuire R, et al. Fusion versus nonoperative care for chronic low back pain: do psychological factors affect outcomes? Spine. 2011;36(suppl 21):S96-S109.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21952192?tool=bestpractice.com[137]Choma TJ, Schuster JM, Norvell DC, et al. Fusion versus nonoperative management for chronic low back pain: do comorbid diseases or general health factors affect outcome? Spine. 2011;36(suppl 21):S87-S95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21897346?tool=bestpractice.com[138]Mroz TE, Norvell DC, Ecker E, et al. Fusion versus nonoperative management for chronic low back pain: do sociodemographic factors affect outcome? Spine. 2011;36(suppl 21):S75-S86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21952191?tool=bestpractice.com
关于抗抑郁药在慢性下腰痛中的治疗作用,基于现有随机对照研究的系统性评价,其结论存在明显争议。[139]Chou R, Huffman LH. Medications for acute and chronic low back pain: a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society/American College of Physicians clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:505-514.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=736857http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17909211?tool=bestpractice.com
慢性下腰痛使用阿片类药物治疗仍有争议。苏格兰校际指南网络 (Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, SIGN) 报告表明,有证据显示应考虑将阿片类药物作为治疗慢性腰痛的可选药物。[140]Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Management of chronic pain. December 2013. http://www.sign.ac.uk/ (last accessed 14 September 2016).http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/SIGN136.pdf,且仅当有疗效时方可继续使用。需要定期复查,至少每年一次。如果对阿片类药物剂量快速增加感到担忧,或者如果每日阿片类药物剂量超过 180mg 吗啡当量,应转诊至相应的专科或听取专科医生的意见。[140]Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN). Management of chronic pain. December 2013. http://www.sign.ac.uk/ (last accessed 14 September 2016).http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/SIGN136.pdf一项研究报告,对于采用阿片类药物治疗的慢性腰痛患者,与定期门诊随访相比,远程诊疗的疼痛控制效果更佳。[141]Kroenke K, Krebs EE, Wu J, et al. Telecare collaborative management of chronic pain in primary care: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;312:240-248.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1887761http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25027139?tool=bestpractice.com另一项研究表明,对于慢性腰疼患者,阿片类药物仅在短期内具有中等程度的疗效。[142]Abdel Shaheed C, Maher CG, Williams KA, et al. Efficacy, tolerability, and dose-dependent effects of opioid analgesics for low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176:958-968.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27213267?tool=bestpractice.com然而,进一步研究发现,对于慢性非癌症性疼痛,采用阿片类药物治疗会带来更高的死亡风险,包括除药物过量致死外的其他死亡情况。[143]Ray WA, Chung CP, Murray KT, et al. Prescription of long-acting opioids and mortality in patients with chronic noncancer pain. JAMA. 2016;315:2415-2423.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27299617?tool=bestpractice.com
在妊娠期,有证据表明运动可能在短期内有帮助。[144]Ozdemir S, Bebis H, Ortabag T, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of an exercise program for pregnant women with low back and pelvic pain: a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Adv Nurs. 2015;71:1926-1939.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25823561?tool=bestpractice.com[145]van Benten E, Pool J, Mens J, et al. Recommendations for physical therapists on the treatment of lumbopelvic pain during pregnancy: a systematic review. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2014;44:464-473.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24816503?tool=bestpractice.com
虽然没有证据表明不同的补充和替代医学 (CAM) 方法的普遍效力,[146]Oltean H, Robbins C, van Tulder MW, et al. Herbal medicine for low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD004504.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004504.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25536022?tool=bestpractice.com但是有研究显示 25-30% 的女性使用 CAM 管理妊娠期的腰疼和骨盆疼。[147]Close C, Sinclair M, Liddle SD, et al. A systematic review investigating the effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for the management of low back and/or pelvic pain (LBPP) in pregnancy. J Adv Nurs. 2014;70:1702-1716.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24605910?tool=bestpractice.com
妊娠期腰痛的治疗没有针对此情况下的任何特定疗法给出清楚的证据。[148]Liddle SD, Pennick V. Interventions for preventing and treating low-back and pelvic pain during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(9):CD001139.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001139.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26422811?tool=bestpractice.com
复发
目前还不清楚为何急性非特异性下腰痛常出现复发。复发患者群体的检查阈值通常比较低。如无红旗征(例如近期明显创伤,或年龄>50 岁患者的轻微创伤;不明原因体重下降;免疫抑制;癌症病史;静脉药物使用;长期使用皮质类固醇;骨质疏松;年龄>70 岁;局灶性神经功能缺损伴有进行性或失能性症状;腰痛持续时间超过 6 周),治疗路径与急性非特异性下腰痛的治疗相同。
复发率很高,急性下腰痛发作后6-22周,50%-59%有不同程度的复发,20%-35%有不同程度的功能受限。[149]Carey TS, Garrett JM, Jackman A, et al. Recurrence and care seeking after acute back pain: results of a long-term follow-up study. Med Care. 1999;37:157-164.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10024120?tool=bestpractice.com