依据检查和诊断结果,估计尿路感染的真实发生率。至少 8% 的女童和 2% 的男童在 7 岁前发生尿路感染。[3]Hellström A, Hanson E, Hansson S, et al. Association between urinary symptoms at 7 years old and previous urinary tract infection. Arch Dis Child. 1991 Feb;66(2):232-4.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1792822/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2001110?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Stark H. Urinary tract infections in girls: the cost-effectiveness of currently recommended investigative routines. Pediatr Nephrol. 1997 Apr;11(2):174-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9090657?tool=bestpractice.com 对于已经可以说话的儿童有大约{0}8%{1}表现为尿路症状并诊断为尿路感染。[5]Shaikh N, Morone NE, Lopez J, et al. Does this child have a urinary tract infection? JAMA. 2007 Dec 26;298(24):2895-904.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18159059?tool=bestpractice.com 2{0}岁以内所有患尿路感染的儿童有大约{1}5%{2}表现为发热。[6]Gorelick MH, Shaw KN. Clinical decision rule to identify febrile young girls at risk for urinary tract infection. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000 Apr;154(4):386-90.http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=349060http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10768678?tool=bestpractice.com 白人儿童较黑人儿童发病几率更高。[7]Shaikh N, Morone NE, Bost JE, et al. Prevalence of urinary tract infection in childhood: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008 Apr;27(4):302-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18316994?tool=bestpractice.com 1{0}岁以内未切除包皮的男孩发病率比女孩及切除包皮的男孩要高超过{1}8{2}倍。[8]Wiswell TE, Roscelli JD. Corroborative evidence for the decreased incidence of urinary tract infections in circumcised boy infants. Pediatrics. 1986 Jul;78(1):96-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3725505?tool=bestpractice.com 白人女孩发热超过{0}39{1}℃{2}({3}102.2{4}℉{5})并不伴有其他感染灶的有{6}30%{7}为尿路感染。[9]Shaw KN, Gorelick M, McGowan KL, et al. Prevalence of urinary tract infection in febrile young children in the emergency department. Pediatrics. 1998 Aug;102(2):e16.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/102/2/e16.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9685461?tool=bestpractice.com尿路感染诊断:有中等证据表明,在急诊室接诊的发热的婴儿和女童中,白人女童、未割包皮的男童、未发现其他发热源和有尿路感染史的婴幼儿,尿液有臭味的或血尿、表现为病态的、体查发现腹部和耻骨弓上方胀痛的、发热超过39℃(102.2℉)的儿童出现尿路感染的几率较大,[9]Shaw KN, Gorelick M, McGowan KL, et al. Prevalence of urinary tract infection in febrile young children in the emergency department. Pediatrics. 1998 Aug;102(2):e16.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/102/2/e16.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9685461?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。