预防尿路感染复发,肾盂肾炎和肾瘢痕化:有高级的证据表明尿路使用抗生素并不能降低急性肾盂肾炎婴幼儿尿路感染复发,肾盂肾炎和肾皮质瘢痕化的几率,无论伴或不伴膀胱输尿管反流。[66]Garin EH, Olavarria F, Garcia Nieto V, et al. Clinical significance of primary vesicoureteral reflux and urinary antibiotic prophylaxis after acute pyelonephritis: a multicenter, randomized, controlled study. Pediatrics. 2006 Mar;117(3):626-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16510640?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Pennesi M, Travan L, Peratoner L, et al. Is antibiotic prophylaxis in children with vesicoureteral reflux effective in preventing pyelonephritis and renal scars? A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2008 Jun;121(6):e1489-94.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18490378?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Lee SJ, Shim YH, Cho SJ, et al. Probiotics prophylaxis in children with persistent primary vesicoureteral reflux. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007 Sep;22(9):1315-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17530295?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Wald ER. Urinary antibiotic prophylaxis may not be required in children with mild or moderate vesicoureteral reflux following acute pyelonephritis. J Pediatr. 2006 Sep;149(3):421-2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16939761?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
预防尿路感染复发,肾盂肾炎和肾瘢痕化:有高级的证据表明尿路使用抗生素并不能降低急性肾盂肾炎婴幼儿尿路感染复发,肾盂肾炎和肾皮质瘢痕化的几率,无论伴或不伴膀胱输尿管反流。[66]Garin EH, Olavarria F, Garcia Nieto V, et al. Clinical significance of primary vesicoureteral reflux and urinary antibiotic prophylaxis after acute pyelonephritis: a multicenter, randomized, controlled study. Pediatrics. 2006 Mar;117(3):626-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16510640?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Pennesi M, Travan L, Peratoner L, et al. Is antibiotic prophylaxis in children with vesicoureteral reflux effective in preventing pyelonephritis and renal scars? A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2008 Jun;121(6):e1489-94.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18490378?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Lee SJ, Shim YH, Cho SJ, et al. Probiotics prophylaxis in children with persistent primary vesicoureteral reflux. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007 Sep;22(9):1315-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17530295?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Wald ER. Urinary antibiotic prophylaxis may not be required in children with mild or moderate vesicoureteral reflux following acute pyelonephritis. J Pediatr. 2006 Sep;149(3):421-2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16939761?tool=bestpractice.com
尿路感染诊断:有中等证据表明,在急诊室接诊的发热的婴儿和女童中,白人女童、未割包皮的男童、未发现其他发热源和有尿路感染史的婴幼儿,尿液有臭味的或血尿、表现为病态的、体查发现腹部和耻骨弓上方胀痛的、发热超过39℃(102.2℉)的儿童出现尿路感染的几率较大,[9]Shaw KN, Gorelick M, McGowan KL, et al. Prevalence of urinary tract infection in febrile young children in the emergency department. Pediatrics. 1998 Aug;102(2):e16.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/102/2/e16.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9685461?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
尿路感染诊断:有中等证据表明,在急诊室接诊的发热的婴儿和女童中,白人女童、未割包皮的男童、未发现其他发热源和有尿路感染史的婴幼儿,尿液有臭味的或血尿、表现为病态的、体查发现腹部和耻骨弓上方胀痛的、发热超过39℃(102.2℉)的儿童出现尿路感染的几率较大,[9]Shaw KN, Gorelick M, McGowan KL, et al. Prevalence of urinary tract infection in febrile young children in the emergency department. Pediatrics. 1998 Aug;102(2):e16.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/102/2/e16.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9685461?tool=bestpractice.com
尿路感染的诊断:有中等程度的证据表明,对于急诊室接诊的伴有发热的2岁以下的女童,如果以下5中因素中出现了≥2种,那么可诊断为尿路感染,其敏感性为0.95。 包括:小于12个月,白种人,体温≥39.0℃(102.2℉),发热≥2天,以及检查发现伴有其他部位的感染。[6]Gorelick MH, Shaw KN. Clinical decision rule to identify febrile young girls at risk for urinary tract infection. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000 Apr;154(4):386-90.http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=349060http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10768678?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
尿路感染的诊断:有中等程度的证据表明,对于急诊室接诊的伴有发热的2岁以下的女童,如果以下5中因素中出现了≥2种,那么可诊断为尿路感染,其敏感性为0.95。 包括:小于12个月,白种人,体温≥39.0℃(102.2℉),发热≥2天,以及检查发现伴有其他部位的感染。[6]Gorelick MH, Shaw KN. Clinical decision rule to identify febrile young girls at risk for urinary tract infection. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000 Apr;154(4):386-90.http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=349060http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10768678?tool=bestpractice.com
尿路感染的诊断:有中等程度的证据表明,白人婴儿的尿路感染发生率为8.0%,相对的黑人婴儿为4.7%。[7]Shaikh N, Morone NE, Bost JE, et al. Prevalence of urinary tract infection in childhood: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008 Apr;27(4):302-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18316994?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
尿路感染的诊断:有中等程度的证据表明,白人婴儿的尿路感染发生率为8.0%,相对的黑人婴儿为4.7%。[7]Shaikh N, Morone NE, Bost JE, et al. Prevalence of urinary tract infection in childhood: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008 Apr;27(4):302-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18316994?tool=bestpractice.com
尿路感染诊断:有中等的证据表明,诊断婴儿尿路感染的最有用的表现为发热超过40℃(104℉)(LR比为3:2~3:3),尿路感染史(LR比为2:3~2:9)和耻骨上胀痛(LR比为4:4;95CI:1.6~12.4)。[5]Shaikh N, Morone NE, Lopez J, et al. Does this child have a urinary tract infection? JAMA. 2007 Dec 26;298(24):2895-904.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18159059?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
尿路感染诊断:有中等的证据表明,诊断婴儿尿路感染的最有用的表现为发热超过40℃(104℉)(LR比为3:2~3:3),尿路感染史(LR比为2:3~2:9)和耻骨上胀痛(LR比为4:4;95CI:1.6~12.4)。[5]Shaikh N, Morone NE, Lopez J, et al. Does this child have a urinary tract infection? JAMA. 2007 Dec 26;298(24):2895-904.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18159059?tool=bestpractice.com
尿路感染的诊断:有中等证据表明,尿路感染的风险和年轻女性的性行为次数有较强的相关关系。[17]Hooton TM, Scholes D, Hughes JP, et al. A prospective study of risk factors for symptomatic urinary tract infection in young women. N Engl J Med. 1996 Aug 15;335(7):468-74.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM199608153350703http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8672152?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
尿路感染的诊断:有中等证据表明,尿路感染的风险和年轻女性的性行为次数有较强的相关关系。[17]Hooton TM, Scholes D, Hughes JP, et al. A prospective study of risk factors for symptomatic urinary tract infection in young women. N Engl J Med. 1996 Aug 15;335(7):468-74.https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJM199608153350703http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8672152?tool=bestpractice.com
尿路感染的诊断:有中等证据表明联合使用尿试纸测定白细胞酯酶和亚硝酸盐对诊断尿路感染有最高的可能比。[40]Whiting P, Westwood M, Watt I, et al. Rapid tests and urine sampling techniques for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children under five years: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr. 2005 Apr 5;5(1):4.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1084351/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15811182?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
尿路感染的诊断:有中等证据表明联合使用尿试纸测定白细胞酯酶和亚硝酸盐对诊断尿路感染有最高的可能比。[40]Whiting P, Westwood M, Watt I, et al. Rapid tests and urine sampling techniques for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children under five years: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr. 2005 Apr 5;5(1):4.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1084351/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15811182?tool=bestpractice.com
预防尿路感染复发和抗生素抵抗的风险:有中等的证据表明尿路抗生素治疗可以增加儿童感染耐药的比率。[70]Conway PH, Cnaan A, Zaoutis T, et al. Recurrent urinary tract infections in children: risk factors and association with prophylactic antimicrobials. JAMA. 2007 Jul 11;298(2):179-86.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=207900http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17622599?tool=bestpractice.com
系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
预防尿路感染复发和抗生素抵抗的风险:有中等的证据表明尿路抗生素治疗可以增加儿童感染耐药的比率。[70]Conway PH, Cnaan A, Zaoutis T, et al. Recurrent urinary tract infections in children: risk factors and association with prophylactic antimicrobials. JAMA. 2007 Jul 11;298(2):179-86.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=207900http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17622599?tool=bestpractice.com