儿童尿路感染

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Shaw KN, Gorelick M, McGowan KL, et al. Prevalence of urinary tract infection in febrile young children in the emergency department. Pediatrics. 1998 Aug;102(2):e16.

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Dick PT, Feldman W. Routine diagnostic imaging for childhood urinary tract infections: a systematic overview. J Pediatr. 1996 Jan;128(1):15-22.

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Hoberman A, Wald ER, Hickey RW, et al. Oral versus initial intravenous therapy for urinary tract infections in young febrile children. Pediatrics. 1999 Jul;104(1 Pt 1):79-86.

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American Academy of Pediatrics. Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months. Pediatrics. 2011 Sep;128(3):595-610.

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Peters CA, Skoog SJ, Arant BS Jr, et al. Summary of the AUA guideline on management of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children. J Urol. 2010 Sep;184(3):1134-44.

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RIVUR Trial Investigators; Hoberman A, Greenfield SP, Mattoo TK, et al. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for children with vesicoureteral reflux. N Engl J Med. 2014 Jun 19;370(25):2367-76.

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Conway PH, Cnaan A, Zaoutis T, et al. Recurrent urinary tract infections in children: risk factors and association with prophylactic antimicrobials. JAMA. 2007 Jul 11;298(2):179-86.

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1.  Fitzgerald A, Mori R, Lakhanpaul M. Interventions for covert bacteriuria in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Feb 15;(2):CD006943.

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2.  National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Urinary tract infection in under 16s: diagnosis and management. September 2017 [internet publication].

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4.  Stark H. Urinary tract infections in girls: the cost-effectiveness of currently recommended investigative routines. Pediatr Nephrol. 1997 Apr;11(2):174-7.

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5.  Shaikh N, Morone NE, Lopez J, et al. Does this child have a urinary tract infection? JAMA. 2007 Dec 26;298(24):2895-904.

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6.  Gorelick MH, Shaw KN. Clinical decision rule to identify febrile young girls at risk for urinary tract infection. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000 Apr;154(4):386-90.

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7.  Shaikh N, Morone NE, Bost JE, et al. Prevalence of urinary tract infection in childhood: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008 Apr;27(4):302-8.

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8.  Wiswell TE, Roscelli JD. Corroborative evidence for the decreased incidence of urinary tract infections in circumcised boy infants. Pediatrics. 1986 Jul;78(1):96-9.

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9.  Shaw KN, Gorelick M, McGowan KL, et al. Prevalence of urinary tract infection in febrile young children in the emergency department. Pediatrics. 1998 Aug;102(2):e16.

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10.  WHO Expert Committee. Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2002;912:i-vi.

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13.  Downs SM. Technical report: urinary tract infections in febrile infants and young children. Pediatrics. 1999 Apr;103(4):e54.

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14.  Merrick MV, Notghi A, Chalmers N, et al. Long-term follow up to determine the prognostic value of imaging after urinary tract infections. Part 2: scarring. Arch Dis Child. 1995 May;72(5):393-6.

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15.  Sillén U, Brandström P, Jodal U, et al. The Swedish reflux trial in children: V. Bladder dysfunction. J Urol. 2010 Jul;184(1):298-304.

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17.  Hooton TM, Scholes D, Hughes JP, et al. A prospective study of risk factors for symptomatic urinary tract infection in young women. N Engl J Med. 1996 Aug 15;335(7):468-74.

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18.  DeLago C, Deblinger E, Schroeder C, et al. Girls who disclose sexual abuse: urogenital symptoms and signs after genital contact. Pediatrics. 2008 Aug;122(2):e281-6.

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19.  Marild S, Hansson S, Jodal U, et al. Protective effect of breastfeeding against urinary tract infection. Acta Paediatr. 2004 Feb;93(2):164-8.

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20.  Dick PT, Feldman W. Routine diagnostic imaging for childhood urinary tract infections: a systematic overview. J Pediatr. 1996 Jan;128(1):15-22.

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21.  Nagler EV, Williams G, Hodson EM, et al. Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jun 15;(6):CD001532.

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22.  Hellerstein, S. Recurrent urinary tract infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1982 Jul-Aug;1(4):271-81.

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23.  Herr SM, Wald ER, Pitetti, RD, et al. Enhanced urinalysis improves identification of febrile infants ages 60 days and younger at low risk for serious bacterial illness. Pediatrics. 2001 Oct;108(4):866-71.

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24.  Doganis D, Siafas K, Mavrikou M, et al. Does early treatment of urinary tract infection prevent renal damage? Pediatrics. 2007 Oct;120(4):e922-8.

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25.  Hoberman A, Wald ER, Hickey RW, et al. Oral versus initial intravenous therapy for urinary tract infections in young febrile children. Pediatrics. 1999 Jul;104(1 Pt 1):79-86.

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26.  Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. Imaging in pediatric patients with first time febrile urinary tract infection (UTI). March 2012 [internet publication].

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27.  American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: urinary tract infection - child. 2016 [internet publication].

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28.  American Academy of Pediatrics. Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months. Pediatrics. 2011 Sep;128(3):595-610.

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29.  Wan J, Skoog SJ, Hulbert WC, et al. Section on Urology response to new guidelines for the diagnosis and management of UTI. Pediatrics. 2012 Apr;129(4):e1051-3.

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30.  Peters CA, Skoog SJ, Arant BS Jr, et al. Summary of the AUA guideline on management of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children. J Urol. 2010 Sep;184(3):1134-44.

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31.  Ammenti A, Cataldi L, Chimenz R, et al; Italian Society of Pediatric Nephrology. Febrile urinary tract infections in young children: recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Acta Paediatr. 2012 May;101(5):451-7.

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32.  Public Health England. Diagnosis of urinary tract infections: quick reference guide for primary care. June 2017 [internet publication].

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33.  Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection. Reaffirmation of AAP clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis and management of the initial urinary tract infection in febrile infants and young children 2-24 months of age. Pediatrics. 2016 Dec;138(6):e20163026.

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34.  Faizah MZ, Hamzaini AH, Kanaheswari Y, et al. Contrast enhanced voiding urosonography (ce-VUS) as a radiation-free technique in the diagnosis of vesicoureteric reflux: our early experience. Med J Malaysia. 2015 Oct;70(5):269-72.

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35.  Levtchenko EN, Lahy C, Levy J, et al. Role of Tc-99m DMSA scintigraphy in the diagnosis of culture negative pyelonephritis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2001 Jun;16(6):503-6.

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36.  Piepsz A, Colarinha P, Gordon I, et al; European Association of Nuclear Medicine. Guidelines on 99mTc-DMSA scintigraphy in children. October 2009 [internet publication].

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37.  Holmdahl G, Brandström P, Läckgren G, et al. The Swedish reflux trial in children: II. Vesicoureteral reflux outcome. J Urol. 2010 Jul;184(1):280-5.

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38.  Midzi N, Butterworth AE, Mduluza T, et al. Use of circulating cathodic antigen strips for the diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009 Jan;103(1):45-51.

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39.  Panaretto KS, Craig JC, Knight JF, et al. Risk factors for recurrent urinary tract infection in preschool children. J Paediatr Child Health. 1999 Oct;35(5):454-9.

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40.  Whiting P, Westwood M, Watt I, et al. Rapid tests and urine sampling techniques for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children under five years: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr. 2005 Apr 5;5(1):4.

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41.  Mori R, Yonemoto N, Fitzgerald A, et al. Diagnostic performance of urine dipstick testing in children with suspected UTI: a systematic review of relationship with age and comparison with microscopy. Acta Paediatr. 2010 Apr;99(4):581-4.

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42.  Mantadakis E, Vouloumanou EK, Georgantzi GG, et al. Acute Tc-99m DMSA scan for identifying dilating vesicoureteral reflux in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2011 Jul;128(1):e169-79.

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43.  Becker A, Baum M. Obstructive uropathy. Early Hum Dev. 2006 Jan;82(1):15-22.

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44.  Shaikh N, Spingarn RB, Hum SW. Dimercaptosuccinic acid scan or ultrasound in screening for vesicoureteral reflux among children with urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jul 5;(7):CD010657.

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45.  Dajani AS, Taubert KA, Gerber MA, et al. Diagnosis and therapy of Kawasaki disease in children. Circulation. 1993 May;87(5):1776-80.

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47.  Okoli EI, Odaibo AB. Urinary schistosomiasis among school children in Ibadan, an urban community in south-western Nigeria. Trop Med Int Health. 1999 Apr;4(4):308-15.

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48.  Saathoff E, Olsen A, Magnussen P, et al. Patterns of Schistosoma haematobium infection, impact of praziquantel treatment and re-infection after treatment in a cohort of school children from rural KwaZulu-Natal/South African. BMC Infect Dis. 2004 Oct 7;4:40.

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49.  Mahmoud AAF. Trematodes (schistosomiasis) and other flukes. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Mandell, Douglas and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases. 5th ed, vol 2. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 2000:2956.

50.  Bryce A, Hay AD, Lane IF, et al. Global prevalence of antibiotic resistance in paediatric urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli and association with routine use of antibiotics in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2016 Mar 15;352:i939.

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51.  Shaikh N, Mattoo TK, Keren R, et al. Early antibiotic treatment for pediatric febrile urinary tract infection and renal scarring. JAMA Pediatr. 2016 Sep 1;170(9):848-54.

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52.  Mårild S, Jodal U, Sandberg T. Ceftibuten versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for oral treatment of febrile urinary tract infection in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009 Mar;24(3):521-6.

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53.  Michael M, Hodson EM, Craig JC, et al. Short versus standard duration oral antibiotic therapy for acute urinary tract infection in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(1):CD003966.

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54.  Flokas ME, Detsis M, Alevizakos M, et al. Prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in paediatric urinary tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2016 Dec;73(6):547-57.

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55.  Neuhaus TJ, Berger C, Buechner K, et al. Randomised trial of oral versus sequential intravenous/oral cephalosporins in children with pyelonephritis. Eur J Pediatr. 2008 Sep;167(9):1037-47.

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56.  Strohmeier Y, Hodson EM, Willis NS, et al. Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jul 28;(7):CD003772.

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57.  Kyriakidou KG, Rafailidis P, Matthaiou DK, et al. Short- versus long-course antibiotic therapy for acute pyelonephritis in adolescents and adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Ther. 2008 Oct;30(10):1859-68.

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58.  Vouloumanou EK, Rafailidis PI, Kazantzi MS, et al. Early switch to oral versus intravenous antimicrobial treatment for hospitalized patients with acute pyelonephritis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008 Dec;24(12):3423-34.

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59.  Roussey-Kesler G, Gadjos V, Idres N, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in children with low grade vesicoureteral reflux: results from a prospective randomized study. J Urol. 2008 Feb;179(2):674-9.

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60.  Dai B, Liu Y, Jia J, et al. Long-term antibiotics for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child. 2010 Jul;95(7):499-508.

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61.  Montini G, Rigon L, Zucchetta P, et al. Prophylaxis after first febrile urinary tract infection in children? A multicenter, randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial. Pediatrics. 2008 Nov;122(5):1064-71.

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62.  Tu HY, Pemberton J, Lorenzo AJ, et al. Economic analysis of continuous antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of urinary tract infections in infants with high-grade hydronephrosis. J Pediatr Urol. 2015 Oct;11(5):247.

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63.  Williams G, Craig JC. Long-term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Mar 16;(3):CD001534.

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64.  RIVUR Trial Investigators; Hoberman A, Greenfield SP, Mattoo TK, et al. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for children with vesicoureteral reflux. N Engl J Med. 2014 Jun 19;370(25):2367-76.

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65.  Mattoo TK, Chesney RW, Greenfield SP, et al; RIVUR Trial Investigators. Renal scarring in the randomized intervention for children with vesicoureteral reflux (RIVUR) trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016 Jan 7;11(1):54-61.

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66.  Garin EH, Olavarria F, Garcia Nieto V, et al. Clinical significance of primary vesicoureteral reflux and urinary antibiotic prophylaxis after acute pyelonephritis: a multicenter, randomized, controlled study. Pediatrics. 2006 Mar;117(3):626-32.

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67.  Pennesi M, Travan L, Peratoner L, et al. Is antibiotic prophylaxis in children with vesicoureteral reflux effective in preventing pyelonephritis and renal scars? A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2008 Jun;121(6):e1489-94.

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68.  Lee SJ, Shim YH, Cho SJ, et al. Probiotics prophylaxis in children with persistent primary vesicoureteral reflux. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007 Sep;22(9):1315-20.

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69.  Wald ER. Urinary antibiotic prophylaxis may not be required in children with mild or moderate vesicoureteral reflux following acute pyelonephritis. J Pediatr. 2006 Sep;149(3):421-2.

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70.  Conway PH, Cnaan A, Zaoutis T, et al. Recurrent urinary tract infections in children: risk factors and association with prophylactic antimicrobials. JAMA. 2007 Jul 11;298(2):179-86.

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71.  Brandström P, Esbjörner E, Herthelius M, et al. The Swedish reflux trial in children: III. Urinary tract infection pattern. J Urol. 2010 Jul;184(1):286-91.

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72.  Schwaderer AL, Wang H, Kim S, et al. Polymorphisms in α-defensin-encoding DEFA1A3 associate with urinary tract infection risk in children with vesicoureteral reflux. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016 Oct;27(10):3175-86.

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73.  Cheng CH, Tsau YK, Chang CJ, et al. Acute lobar nephronia is associated with a high incidence of renal scarring in childhood urinary tract infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010 Jul;29(7):624-8.

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75.  North American Pediatric Renal Trials and Collaborative Studies. NAPRTCS 2007 annual report. 2007 [internet publication].

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76.  Williams G, Craig JC. Prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in children. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2009 Feb;22(1):72-6.

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77.  Loening-Baucke V. Urinary incontinence and urinary tract infection and their resolution with treatment of chronic constipation of childhood. Pediatrics. 1997 Aug;100(2 Pt 1):228-32.

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78.  Jepson RG, Williams G, Craig JC. Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Oct 17;(10):CD001321.

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79.  Salo J, Uhari M, Helminen M, et al. Cranberry juice for the prevention of recurrences of urinary tract infections in children: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Feb 1;54(3):340-6.

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80.  Schwenger EM, Tejani AM, Loewen PS. Probiotics for preventing urinary tract infections in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Dec 23;(12):CD008772.

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