初发尿路感染以后,建议患者的家属及其临床医生应长期保持警惕防治尿路感染复发。[2]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Urinary tract infection in under 16s: diagnosis and management. September 2017 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg54
过去常使用尿路抗生素预防来降低感染复发。有症状的尿路感染和肾瘢痕后续形成进程的风险,但这会反过来导致肾功能不全。[2]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Urinary tract infection in under 16s: diagnosis and management. September 2017 [internet publication].http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg54 然而尿路感染患者(无论伴或不伴膀胱输尿管反流)是否预防性使用抗生素仍有争议。 之前的研究设计并不严谨,而且对于预防性治疗的效果估计可能过高。 近期的研究表明对于尿培养阳性且没有尿路畸形婴幼儿,预防性抗生素使用可能降低尿路感染的复发。[76]Williams G, Craig JC. Prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in children. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2009 Feb;22(1):72-6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19532083?tool=bestpractice.com 但对于伴或不办{0}VUR{1}的患者,并没有证据表明其可以减少肾瘢痕化的风险。[63]Williams G, Craig JC. Long-term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Mar 16;(3):CD001534.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001534.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21412872?tool=bestpractice.com[64]RIVUR Trial Investigators; Hoberman A, Greenfield SP, Mattoo TK, et al. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for children with vesicoureteral reflux. N Engl J Med. 2014 Jun 19;370(25):2367-76.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4137319/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24795142?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Mattoo TK, Chesney RW, Greenfield SP, et al; RIVUR Trial Investigators. Renal scarring in the randomized intervention for children with vesicoureteral reflux (RIVUR) trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016 Jan 7;11(1):54-61.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4702233/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26555605?tool=bestpractice.com预防尿路感染复发,肾盂肾炎和肾瘢痕化:有高级的证据表明尿路使用抗生素并不能降低急性肾盂肾炎婴幼儿尿路感染复发,肾盂肾炎和肾皮质瘢痕化的几率,无论伴或不伴膀胱输尿管反流。[66]Garin EH, Olavarria F, Garcia Nieto V, et al. Clinical significance of primary vesicoureteral reflux and urinary antibiotic prophylaxis after acute pyelonephritis: a multicenter, randomized, controlled study. Pediatrics. 2006 Mar;117(3):626-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16510640?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Pennesi M, Travan L, Peratoner L, et al. Is antibiotic prophylaxis in children with vesicoureteral reflux effective in preventing pyelonephritis and renal scars? A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2008 Jun;121(6):e1489-94.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18490378?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Lee SJ, Shim YH, Cho SJ, et al. Probiotics prophylaxis in children with persistent primary vesicoureteral reflux. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007 Sep;22(9):1315-20.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17530295?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Wald ER. Urinary antibiotic prophylaxis may not be required in children with mild or moderate vesicoureteral reflux following acute pyelonephritis. J Pediatr. 2006 Sep;149(3):421-2.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16939761?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。 而且抗生素治疗增加了耐药性感染的风险。[63]Williams G, Craig JC. Long-term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Mar 16;(3):CD001534.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001534.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21412872?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Garin EH, Olavarria F, Garcia Nieto V, et al. Clinical significance of primary vesicoureteral reflux and urinary antibiotic prophylaxis after acute pyelonephritis: a multicenter, randomized, controlled study. Pediatrics. 2006 Mar;117(3):626-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16510640?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Conway PH, Cnaan A, Zaoutis T, et al. Recurrent urinary tract infections in children: risk factors and association with prophylactic antimicrobials. JAMA. 2007 Jul 11;298(2):179-86.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=207900http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17622599?tool=bestpractice.com预防尿路感染复发和抗生素抵抗的风险:有中等的证据表明尿路抗生素治疗可以增加儿童感染耐药的比率。[70]Conway PH, Cnaan A, Zaoutis T, et al. Recurrent urinary tract infections in children: risk factors and association with prophylactic antimicrobials. JAMA. 2007 Jul 11;298(2):179-86.http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=207900http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17622599?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 在儿童膀胱输尿管反流随机干预试验 (RIVUR) 中,纳入了 607 名患儿,在 2 年内使用了甲氧苄胺嘧啶-磺胺甲噁唑治疗、或者安慰剂治疗,结果表明抗生素预防疗法确实可以显著性降低尿路感染的复发,但不能产生对抗肾脏瘢痕化的保护作用。[64]RIVUR Trial Investigators; Hoberman A, Greenfield SP, Mattoo TK, et al. Antimicrobial prophylaxis for children with vesicoureteral reflux. N Engl J Med. 2014 Jun 19;370(25):2367-76.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4137319/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24795142?tool=bestpractice.com
对于不伴尿路畸形的儿童,使用粪便软化剂和规律的排便习惯有效降低了尿路感染的复发。[77]Loening-Baucke V. Urinary incontinence and urinary tract infection and their resolution with treatment of chronic constipation of childhood. Pediatrics. 1997 Aug;100(2 Pt 1):228-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9240804?tool=bestpractice.com
有逼尿肌不稳定或其他排尿障碍的需要不同姿势来控制排尿的婴幼儿有较高的尿路感染率。[16]Hellerstein S, Linebarger JS. Voiding dysfunction in pediatric patients. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2003 Jan-Feb;42(1):43-9.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12635981?tool=bestpractice.com 生物反馈训练联合规律的排尿习惯可以降低尿路感染和膀胱输尿管反流的风险。
蔓越橘被认为可以减少女性尿路感染复发的可能,但系统性的回顾并没有发现其与安慰剂治疗的差别。[78]Jepson RG, Williams G, Craig JC. Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Oct 17;(10):CD001321.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001321.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23076891?tool=bestpractice.com 一个关于蔓越橘防治儿童尿路感染复发的随机对照试验表明,虽然他不会明确减少尿路感染复发婴幼儿的数量,但他确实有效的减少了实际复发的数量和相关抗生素的使用。[79]Salo J, Uhari M, Helminen M, et al. Cranberry juice for the prevention of recurrences of urinary tract infections in children: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Feb 1;54(3):340-6.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/54/3/340.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22100577?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,长期规律服用蔓越橘治疗的患者数量并不多。 近年来,由于对肠道微生物群重要性的认识有所提高,益生菌得到了重视。 一项 Meta 分析利用多种文献数据库,将益生菌预防成人和儿童复发性尿路感染的附加益处与其他预防尿路感染的方法进行了比较。 结果不支持在预防个人复发性尿路感染方面的附加益处。[80]Schwenger EM, Tejani AM, Loewen PS. Probiotics for preventing urinary tract infections in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Dec 23;(12):CD008772.https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008772.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26695595?tool=bestpractice.com