可在麻醉下行内窥镜检查
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 结肠腺瘤来源于Dr G. Malietzis个人收集资料,使用获得许可 [Citation ends].或放射学检查后对结直肠息肉做出临床诊断。然而,息肉的性质和有无癌变只能通过切除标本的组织学检查确定。一些提示结直肠息肉的症状和体征也可能出现在结直肠癌中,如直肠出血、缺铁性贫血、排便习惯改变、里急后重、分泌粘液和不明原因的体重减轻。大多有消化道症状的患者并没有息肉或癌。[18]Adelstein BA, Macaskill P, Chan SF, et al. Most bowel cancer symptoms do not indicate colorectal cancer and polyps: a systematic review. BMC Gastroenterol. 2011;11:65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120795/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21624112?tool=bestpractice.com
腔内检查如结肠镜、可屈式乙状结肠镜检查、双重对比钡剂灌肠(DCBE)和虚拟结肠镜检查(CT结肠成像)是主要的诊断工具:
大便潜血检测结直肠癌的死亡率和发病率:有高质量证据表明,每年或每两年进行粪便潜血检查,随后在阳性结果的人群进行进一步检查,同没有筛查的人群比,8至18年后降低了结直肠癌的死亡率和发病率。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。和其他大便血液或大便 DNA 检测对于结直肠癌的筛查是足够的,但并不能用于息肉或癌的诊断。只有检查结果是阳性时,才可立即确诊。
结肠镜
如果怀疑结直肠息肉或癌(如贫血、直肠出血、大便潜血阳性和排便习惯改变)应进行结肠镜检查。它需要全肠道准备并常常需要镇静。在无症状人群中,结肠镜检查可以使其结直肠癌发病风险降低90%。[19]Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Ho MN, et al. Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic polypectomy. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1977-1981.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/329/27/1977http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8247072?tool=bestpractice.com较大息肉(大于10mm)约有6%至11%漏诊率。较小息肉的漏诊率更高。[20]Rex DK, Cutler CS, Lemmel GT, et al. Colonoscopic miss rates of adenomas determined by back-to-back colonoscopies. Gastroenterology. 1997;112:24-28.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8978338?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Heresbach D, Barrioz T, Lapalus MG, et al. Miss rate for colorectal neoplastic polyps: a prospective multicenter study of back-to-back video colonoscopies. Endoscopy. 2008;40:284-290.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18389446?tool=bestpractice.com
然而,结肠镜检查是最重要的单一诊断方法,可以对肠道进行检测、息肉切除及手术标本进行组织学检查。结肠镜风险包括穿孔和出血。结肠镜检查的穿孔发生率为1/769,然而如果进行息肉切除或其他治疗这一概率升至1/460。导致出血并住院的风险为1/1537。[22]Bowles CJ, Leicester R, Romaya C, et al. A prospective study of colonoscopy practice in the UK today: are we adequately prepared for national colorectal cancer screening tomorrow? Gut. 2004;53:277-283.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14724164?tool=bestpractice.com
可屈式乙状结肠镜检查
对于直肠排出鲜红色血液怀疑结直肠息肉或癌可进行可屈式乙状结肠镜检查。这项内镜检查可以发现远端(左半结肠及直肠)息肉和肿瘤,并可使检查范围内的肿瘤患者死亡率降低80%。[23]Newcomb PA, Norfleet RG, Storer BE, et al. Screening sigmoidoscopy and colorectal cancer mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1992;84:1572-1575.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1404450?tool=bestpractice.com这项检查主要优点是准备简单并且不需要镇静。但是它的范围是有限的,因为整个结肠并不能完全可视。近端息肉和癌症的风险随年龄增加而增加,这意味着这项检查应该在近端息肉风险较低的人群中使用,但远端息肉的发现增加了近端息肉和癌症的风险。[1]Lieberman DA, Weiss DG, Bond JH, et al. Use of colonoscopy to screen asymptomatic adults for colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:162-168.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200007203430301#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10900274?tool=bestpractice.com近端疾病风险较低的人群包括有左侧症状如鲜红直肠出血、里急后重的年轻患者。
虚拟结肠镜/CT结肠成像(CTC)
虚拟结肠镜是一项CT技术,它通过将空气吹入已行充分肠道准备的患者直肠内,然后由放射科医师提供2D和3D图像以供审查。
[Figure caption and citation for the preceding image starts]: 虚拟结肠镜息肉来源于Dr G. Malietzis个人收集资料,使用获得许可 [Citation ends].可以清晰显示任何可疑病变的位置、大小和密度(包括息肉)。这项检查大约需要10分钟,并且不需要麻醉。对大于6mm息肉诊断的敏感性和特异性为90%。对更大息肉的检查更为可靠。但对检测直径小于6mm的息肉不可靠。[24]Levin B, Lieberman DA, McFarland B, et al. Screening and surveillance for the early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, 2008: a joint guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology. CA Cancer J Clin. 2008;58:130-160.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/CA.2007.0018/abstract;jsessionid=46A791CF33C93BFF8A1C04232637150C.d01t04http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18322143?tool=bestpractice.com大部分证据表明,CTC是一项可以接受的替代光学结肠镜(OC)的检查,尤其是对于不愿或不能接受OC的患者。[25]El-Maraghi RH, Kielar AZ. CT colonography versus optical colonoscopy for screening asymptomatic patients for colorectal cancer: a patient, intervention, comparison, outcome (PICO) analysis. Acad Radiol. 2009;16:564-571.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19345897?tool=bestpractice.com然而,一项系统综述和meta分析发现息肉病变的报道结果存在很高的异质性。[26]Chaparro MG, Gisbert JP, Del Campo L, et al. Accuracy of computed tomographic colonography for the detection of polyps and colorectal tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Digestion. 2009;80:1-17.http://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/215387http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19407448?tool=bestpractice.comCTC对结直肠癌的诊断具有实用性。[27]Pickhardt PJ, Hassan C, Halligan S, et al. Colorectal cancer: CT colonography and colonoscopy for detection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiology. 2011;259:393-405.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3079122/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21415247?tool=bestpractice.com尚未统计穿孔率,但是可能在1/1700至1/22 000间。在双重对比钡剂灌肠中发现明显的息肉,应进一步行内镜检查,包括相关的肠道准备和风险。
双重对比剂钡剂灌肠(DCBE)
DCBE在全肠道准备的患者中可观察全结肠并发现息肉及癌。如果怀疑有结直肠息肉或癌症(例如有排便习惯改变及体重变化病史)可进行该检查。DCBE对息肉检出的敏感性尚未经高质量研究证实,但估计在48%至73%。[24]Levin B, Lieberman DA, McFarland B, et al. Screening and surveillance for the early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, 2008: a joint guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology. CA Cancer J Clin. 2008;58:130-160.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/CA.2007.0018/abstract;jsessionid=46A791CF33C93BFF8A1C04232637150C.d01t04http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18322143?tool=bestpractice.com这项检查可以观察整个结肠和检测癌症、息肉。然而,它和结肠镜一样需要充分的肠道准备。它有较低的穿孔率(1/25 000),对息肉敏感性较低。发现息肉(大于6mm)需要内镜干预。报道的假阳性率为14%。
组织学
对于被腔内或外科切除的息肉,组织学检查是描述其形态、不典型增生和侵袭性癌证据的最终手段。如果息肉数目较多(>10)会进行针对性息肉切除活检。但是,如果息肉数目较少(≤10),则将所有息肉都切除。
内镜辅助
色素内镜检查是结肠镜检查的辅助手段。它有助于确定增生性或腺瘤性息肉并有助于扁平腺瘤的评价。有证据表明色素内镜有助于提高结肠和直肠肿瘤的发现率。[28]Chung SJ, Kim D, Song JH, et al. Efficacy of computed virtual chromoendoscopy on colorectal cancer screening: a prospective, randomized, back-to-back trial of Fuji Intelligent Color Enhancement versus conventional colonoscopy to compare adenoma miss rates. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2010;72:136-142.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20493487?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Emura F, Saito Y, Taniguchi M, et al. Further validation of magnifying chromocolonoscopy for differentiating colorectal neoplastic polyps in a health screening center. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22:1722-1727.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17565585?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Kahi CJ, Anderson JC, Waxman I, et al. High-definition chromocolonoscopy vs. high-definition white light colonoscopy for average-risk colorectal cancer screening. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105:1301-1307.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20179689?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Brown SR, Baraza W, Din S, et al. Chromoscopy versus conventional endoscopy for the detection of polyps in the colon and rectum. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(4):CD006439.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27056645?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Patel SG, Schoenfeld P, Kim HM, et al. Real-time characterization of diminutive colorectal polyp histology using narrow-band imaging: implications for the resect and discard strategy. Gastroenterology. 2016;150:406-418.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4940991/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26522260?tool=bestpractice.com结肠黏膜喷洒靛胭脂染料后,通过放大内镜观察,根据可能的组织学亚型产生不同的图像。其他内镜辅助,比如窄频成像,可以准确确定小息肉为肿瘤或非肿瘤性,也许在未来可以降低某些息肉的切除及组织学评估的需要,[32]Patel SG, Schoenfeld P, Kim HM, et al. Real-time characterization of diminutive colorectal polyp histology using narrow-band imaging: implications for the resect and discard strategy. Gastroenterology. 2016;150:406-418.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4940991/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26522260?tool=bestpractice.com[33]East JE, Guenther T, Saunders BP. Novel approaches in colorectal endoscopy: what do we need biopsies for? Pathol Res Pract. 2008;204:459-467.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18550296?tool=bestpractice.com[34]East JE, Ignjatovic A, Suzuki N, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of narrow-band imaging vs high-definition white light for adenoma detection in patients at high risk of adenomas. Colorectal Dis. 2012;14:e771-e778.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22958651?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Dinesen L, Chua TJ, Kaffes AJ. Meta-analysis of narrow-band imaging versus conventional colonoscopy for adenoma detection. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;75:604-611.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22341105?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Ikematsu H, Saito Y, Tanaka S, et al. The impact of narrow band imaging for colon polyp detection: a multicenter randomized controlled trial by tandem colonoscopy. J Gastroenterol. 2012;47:1099-1107.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22441532?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Sakamoto T, Matsuda T, Aoki T, et al. Time saving with narrow-band imaging for distinguishing between neoplastic and non-neoplastic small colorectal lesions. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;27:351-355.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21777283?tool=bestpractice.com但是它不一定能够提高腺瘤的检出率。[38]Kudo S, Tamura S, Nakajima T, et al. Diagnosis of colorectal tumorous lesions by magnifying endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996;44:8-14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8836710?tool=bestpractice.com[39]Nagorni A, Bjelakovic G, Petrovic B. Narrow band imaging versus conventional white light colonoscopy for the detection of colorectal polyps. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(1):CD008361.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008361.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22258983?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Purins A, Hiller JE; Australia and New Zealand Horizon Scanning Network. Narrow band imaging for the improved detection of pre-cancerous lesions during colonoscopy. November 2008. http://www.horizonscanning.gov.au (last accessed 2 August 2016).http://www.horizonscanning.gov.au/internet/horizon/publishing.nsf/Content/BB580B674729F620CA2575AD0080F351/$File/Narrow%20Band%20Imaging%20for%20detection%20of%20Precancerous%20Lesions%20during%20Colonoscopy.pdf之前的研究表明,自体荧光成像在确定结肠息肉的性质及不典型增生方面有一定作用。[41]McCallum AL, Jenkins JT, Gillen D, et al. Evaluation of autofluorescence colonoscopy for the detection and diagnosis of colonic polyps. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;68:283-290.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18329642?tool=bestpractice.comi-Scan 是一项软件驱动技术,允许修改锐度、色调和对比度以增强黏膜成像,并显示黏膜表面的具体形态及病变的边缘。[42]Hong SN, Choe WH, Lee JH, et al. Prospective, randomized, back-to-back trial evaluating the usefulness of i-SCAN in screening colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;75:1011-1021.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22381530?tool=bestpractice.com新内镜辅助技术的使用可能使患者获益,但其最佳使用方式需进一步研究。[43]Yeung TM, Mortensen NJ. Advances in endoscopic visualization of colorectal polyps. Colorectal Dis. 2011;13:352-329.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19930149?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Leufkens AM, DeMarco DC, Rastogi A, et al. Effect of a retrograde-viewing device on adenoma detection rate during colonoscopy: the TERRACE study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;73:480-489.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21067735?tool=bestpractice.com