目前尚无结直肠息肉一级预防的策略。虽然从2个随机对照试验的证据表明钙制剂可能中等程度有助于结直肠腺瘤性息肉的预防,但这并不能构成足够的证据来推荐使用钙制剂预防结直肠癌。[11]Weingarten MA, Zalmanovici A, Yaphe J. Dietary calcium supplementation for preventing colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(1):CD003548.http://mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD003548/frame.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16034903?tool=bestpractice.com选择性COX-2抑制剂可能减少结直肠腺瘤性息肉的复发,可以用作结直肠肿瘤的化学预防。然而由于其存在心血管事件的潜在风险,并不作为常规推荐。[12]Jin XF, Tong JL, Ran ZH. Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors for the prevention of colorectal adenomas: a meta-analysis. [Article in Chinese.] Chin Med J. 2007;87:1958-1961.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17923032?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Dube C, Rostom A, Lewin G, et al. The use of aspirin for primary prevention of colorectal cancer: a systematic review prepared for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:365-375.http://www.annals.org/content/146/5/365.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17339622?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Arber N, Eagle CJ, Spicak J, et al. Celecoxib for the prevention of colorectal adenomatous polyps. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:885-895.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16943401?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Bertagnolli MME, Tang JR, Anderson F, et al. Celecoxib for the prevention of sporadic colorectal adenomas. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:873-884.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16943400?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Cooper K, Squires H, Carroll C, et al. Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer: systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2010;14:1-206.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20594533?tool=bestpractice.com改变膳食(如鱼油)对改变结肠黏膜细胞更新没有益处。[17]Pot GK, Majsak-Newman G, Geelen A, et al. Fish consumption and markers of colorectal cancer risk: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90:354-361.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19553301?tool=bestpractice.com