在美国,50岁及以上平均风险人群结肠癌、腺瘤性息肉筛查指南强调了通过筛查癌前息肉以预防结直肠癌的重要性。[24]Levin B, Lieberman DA, McFarland B, et al. Screening and surveillance for the early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, 2008: a joint guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology. CA Cancer J Clin. 2008;58:130-160.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/CA.2007.0018/abstract;jsessionid=46A791CF33C93BFF8A1C04232637150C.d01t04http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18322143?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Rex DK, Johnson DA, Anderson JC, et al. American College of Gastroenterology guidelines for colorectal cancer screening 2008. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:739-750.http://gi.org/guideline/colorectal-cancer-screening/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19240699?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Brooks DD, Winawer SJ, Rex DK, et al. Colonoscopy surveillance after polypectomy and colorectal cancer resection. Am Fam Physician. 2008;77:995-1002.http://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0401/p995.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18441865?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Qaseem A, Denberg TD, Hopkins RH Jr, et al; Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Screening for colorectal cancer: a guidance statement from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2012;156:378-386.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1090701http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22393133?tool=bestpractice.com50岁及以上平均风险人群包括那些没有家族性腺瘤性息肉病、PJS及其他综合征、没有息肉或肿瘤病史的人。目前,已经制定出适用于亚洲人群的类似指南。[53]Sung JJ, Ng SC, Chan FK, Chiu HM, et al. An updated Asia Pacific Consensus Recommendations on colorectal cancer screening. Gut. 2015;64:121-132.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26522260?tool=bestpractice.com
筛查试验
4项筛查试验适用于发现息肉(亦适用于发现结直肠癌),并且具有足够的敏感性。所有筛查试验均应该从50岁开始。应该每5年进行一次可弯乙状结肠镜(至40cm或脾曲)、双重对比钡剂灌肠或CT结肠成像,或每10年进行一次结肠镜。
不充分的检查
大便潜血检测结直肠癌的死亡率和发病率:有高质量证据表明,每年或每两年进行粪便潜血检查,随后在阳性结果的人群进行进一步检查,同没有筛查的人群比,8至18年后降低了结直肠癌的死亡率和发病率。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。和其他大便血液或大便 DNA 检测对于筛查结直肠癌是足够的,但对于息肉并不够。仅在不能使用或患者不愿使用结肠镜、软式乙状结肠镜、双重对比钡剂灌肠或 CT 结肠成像的时候才应用。