急性血吸虫病(暴露后数月)
急性感染发生在暴露后4~8周(通常为曼氏血吸虫和日本血吸虫)。这些症状是由于爬行的幼虫和早期虫卵沉积所致的超敏反应所致。吡喹酮治疗(用来清除成虫)没有被证实在急性期非常有效。 [
]How do different praziquantel dosing regimens compare for the treatment of urinary schistosomiasis?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1044/full显示答案 [
]How does 40 mg praziquantel compare with placebo and other drugs for treating urinary schistosomiasis?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1045/full显示答案 使用皮质类固醇激素可以减轻炎症的症状。研究发现青蒿素化合物作为早期杀血吸虫剂对急性血吸虫病可能有效。[61]Utzinger J, Xiao SH, Tanner M, et al. Artemisinins for schistosomiasis and beyond. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2007;8:105-116.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17328226?tool=bestpractice.com在急性血吸虫病中,由于幼虫移动导致肠道慢性炎症会发生慢性腹泻。[12]Visser LG, Polderman AM, Stuiver PC. Outbreak of schistosomiasis among travelers returning from Mali, West Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;20:280-285.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7742430?tool=bestpractice.com[29]de Jesus AR, Silva A, Santana LB, et al. Clinical and immunologic evaluation of 31 patients with acute schistosomiasis mansoni. J Infect Dis. 2002;185:98-105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11756987?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Bedwani R, Renganathan E, El Kwhsky F, et al. Schistosomiasis and the risk of bladder cancer in Alexandria, Egypt. Br J Cancer. 1998;77:1186-1189.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9569060?tool=bestpractice.com如果在使用泼尼松龙和吡喹酮后症状持续,应安排胃肠病专科医生进行进一步检查。
患有急性血吸虫病的怀孕妇女应当使用皮质类固醇激素和吡喹酮治疗。世界卫生组织推荐的吡喹酮的剂量应与非妊娠妇女一样。WHO: preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis
慢性血吸虫病(暴露后数年)
在慢性血吸虫病中,绝大多数症状是由于宿主对血吸虫卵的免疫反应引起的。治疗血吸虫病可消除或逆转血吸虫感染的并发症,尤其在儿童中。[62]Hatz C, Mayombana C, de Savigny D, et al. Ultrasound scanning for detecting morbidity due to Schistosoma haematobium and its resolution following treatment with different doses of praziquantel. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1990;84:84-88.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2111949?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Danso-Appiah A, Olliaro PL, Donegan S, et al. Drugs for treating Schistosoma mansoni infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(2):CD000528.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000528.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23450530?tool=bestpractice.com已经存在的感染(成虫)应予一段时间的吡喹酮治疗,在日本血吸虫和湄公河血吸虫感染时应使用最大剂量。一些专家推荐在高度流行地区在初次治疗的几周后进行重复治疗;然而,这种建议仍然是有争论的。[64]King CH, Olbrych SK, Soon M, et al. Utility of
repeated praziquantel dosing in the treatment of schistosomiasis in high-risk
communities in Africa: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5:e1321.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3176745/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21949893?tool=bestpractice.com美曲磷酯对治疗泌尿系血吸虫病有效,且没有副作用。它被用作埃及血吸虫感染的替代药物;但对其他种属的抗虫活性不确定或有限。而且美曲磷酯需要多种给药方式,因此在基于社区的控制计划中很不方便。[65]Utzinger J, Keiser J, Shuhua X, et al. Combination chemotherapy of schistosomiasis in laboratory studies and clinical trials. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003;47:1487-1495.http://aac.asm.org/cgi/content/full/47/5/1487http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12709312?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Kramer CV, Zhang F, Sinclair D, et al. Drugs for treating urinary schistosomiasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(8):CD000053.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000053.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25099517?tool=bestpractice.com
虫卵在肠壁沉积所致的炎症也会导致慢性腹泻。[12]Visser LG, Polderman AM, Stuiver PC. Outbreak of schistosomiasis among travelers returning from Mali, West Africa. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;20:280-285.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7742430?tool=bestpractice.com[29]de Jesus AR, Silva A, Santana LB, et al. Clinical and immunologic evaluation of 31 patients with acute schistosomiasis mansoni. J Infect Dis. 2002;185:98-105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11756987?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Bedwani R, Renganathan E, El Kwhsky F, et al. Schistosomiasis and the risk of bladder cancer in Alexandria, Egypt. Br J Cancer. 1998;77:1186-1189.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9569060?tool=bestpractice.com运用吡喹酮治疗通常是有效的。但如果症状持续,应有胃肠病专科医生进行进一步检查。
其他减轻症状和并发症的治疗方法需要泌尿外科、胃肠道科、妇科、心脏科、肝脏科和呼吸科的专家会诊意见。
有慢性血吸虫病的怀孕妇女通常在分娩前不用吡喹酮治疗。然而,一项 II 期随机对照试验未发现在妊娠中期使用吡喹酮治疗后出现任何胎儿异常。[67]Olveda RM, Acosta LP, Tallo V, et al. Efficacy and safety of praziquantel for the treatment of human schistosomiasis during pregnancy: a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16:199-208.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26511959?tool=bestpractice.com基于吡喹酮在妊娠期治疗的当前数据和血吸虫病对母亲和胎儿的相对风险,WHO 推荐对于所有患有血吸虫病的妊娠女性(无论孕期如何)均使用吡喹酮治疗。[67]Olveda RM, Acosta LP, Tallo V, et al. Efficacy and safety of praziquantel for the treatment of human schistosomiasis during pregnancy: a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16:199-208.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26511959?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Allen HE, Crompton DW, de Silva N, et al. New policies for using anthelmintics in high risk groups. Trends Parasitol. 2002;18:381-382.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12377247?tool=bestpractice.com世界卫生组织推荐的吡喹酮的剂量应与非妊娠妇女一样。WHO: preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis