上腔静脉综合征

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2.  Kim HJ, Kim HS, Chung SH. CT diagnosis of superior vena cava syndrome: importance of collateral vessels. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993;161:539-542.

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3.  Stanford W, Jolles H, Ell S, et al. Superior vena cava obstruction: a venographic classification. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1987;148:259-262.

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4.  Ahmann FR. A reassessment of the clinical implications of the superior vena caval syndrome. J Clin Oncol. 1984;2:961-969.

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6.  Schechter MM. The superior vena cava syndrome. Am J Med Sci. 1954;227:46-56.

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8.  Armstrong BA, Perez CA, Simpson JR, et al. Role of irradiation in the management of superior vena cava syndrome. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1987;13:531-539.

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9.  Yellin A, Rosen A, Reichert N, et al. Superior vena cava syndrome: the myth - the facts. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990;141:1114-1118.

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10.  Parish JM, Marschke RF Jr, Dines DE, et al. Etiologic considerations in superior vena cava syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. 1981;56:407-413.

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11.  Urban T, Lebeau B, Chastang C, et al. Superior vena cava syndrome in small-cell lung cancer. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:384-387.

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13.  Schowengerdt CG, Suyemoto R, Main FB. Granulomatous and fibrous mediastinitis. A review and analysis of 180 cases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1969;57:365-379.

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15.  Gonzalez-Fajardo JA, Garcia-Yuste M, Florez S, et al. Hemodynamic and cerebral repercussions arising from surgical interruption of the superior vena cava: experimental model. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1994;107:1044-1049.

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16.  Schraufnagel DE, Hill R, Leech JA, et al. Superior vena caval obstruction: is it a medical emergency? Am J Med. 1981;70:1169-1174.

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18.  Schifferdecker B, Shaw JA, Piemonte TC, et al. Nonmalignant superior vena cava syndrome: pathophysiology and management. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2005;65:416-423.

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19.  Rowell NP, Gleeson FV. Steroids, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and stents for superior vena caval obstruction in carcinoma of the bronchus: a systematic review. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2002;14:338-351.

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21.  Gray BH, Olin JW, Graor RA, et al. Safety and efficacy of thrombolytic therapy for superior vena cava syndrome. Chest. 1991;99:54-59.

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22.  Smith CW, Messenger JC, Schaner SP, et al. Cardiac pacemaker electrodes: improved methods of extraction. Radiology. 1994;193:739-742.

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23.  Courtheoux P, Alkofer B, Al Refai M, et al. Stent placement in superior vena cava syndrome. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;75:158-161.

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24.  Kee ST, Kinoshita L, Razavi MK, et al. Superior vena cava syndrome: treatment with catheter-directed thrombolysis and endovascular stent placement. Radiology. 1998;206:187-193.

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25.  Martins SJ, Pereira JR. Clinical factors and prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer. Am J Clin Oncol. 1999;22:453-457.

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