吗替麦考酚酯
吗替麦考酚酯已被用于治疗成人和儿童难治性特应性皮炎患者。尽管随机对照临床试验尚未完成,但有几项研究已表明症状有所改善。[102]Heller M, Shin HT, Orlow SJ, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil for severe childhood atopic dermatitis: experience in 14 patients. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157:127-132.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17489974?tool=bestpractice.com常见的副作用包括头痛,胃肠道反应和疲乏。
干扰素γ
运用其通过抑制IgE合成和Th2细胞增殖的抗炎症作用。干扰素 γ 已被证明可改善难治性疾病患者的特应性皮炎症状。[10]Meagher LJ, Wines NY, Cooper AJ. Atopic dermatitis: Review of immunopathogenesis and advances in immunosuppressive therapy. Australas J Dermatol. 2002;43:247-254.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12423430?tool=bestpractice.com主要的副作用是流行性感冒样症状。
水疗系统
一些专家建议水疗系统可改善特应性皮炎患者的预后。[103]Thomas KS, Koller K, Dean T, et al. A multicentre randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of ion-exchange water softeners for the treatment of eczema in children: the Softened Water Eczema Trial (SWET). Health Technol Assess. 2011;15:1-156.http://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/64697/FullReport-hta15080.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21324289?tool=bestpractice.com
含有神经酰胺前体的润肤霜
已有研究表明含有神经酰胺前体的润肤剂可极大地降低特应性皮炎经皮水丢失和临床瘙痒评分,与未经治疗的患者相比皮肤含水量增加。[104]Simpson E, Böhling A, Bielfeldt S, et al. Improvement of skin barrier function in atopic dermatitis patients with a new moisturizer containing a ceramide precursor. J Dermatolog Treat. 2013;24:122-125.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22812593?tool=bestpractice.com
AR-GG27(山梨糖醇糠醛棕榈酸酯)
含有AR-GG27(山梨糖醇糠醛棕榈酸酯)的润肤剂与患有白色糠疹的安慰剂组对照可改善特应性皮炎患者的评分及瘙痒的严重程度。在实验治疗期间患者的白色糠疹也得到了改善。[105]Patrizi A, Raone B, Raboni R, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a cream containing AR-GG27® (sorbityl furfural palmitate) in the treatment of mild/moderate childhood atopic dermatitis associated with pityriasis alba: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2012;147(suppl 1):1-8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23007324?tool=bestpractice.com
Dupilumab
Dupilumab 是一种完全的人源性单克隆抗体,可阻断白介素-4 和白介素-13,这两种白介素是被视为参与特应性皮炎通路的两个关键细胞因子。基于 I 期和 II 期临床试验的阳性结果,Dupilumab 已经获得了美国食品药品监督管理局 (FDA) 的突破性疗法认定。[106]Beck LA, Thaçi D, Hamilton JD, et al. Dupilumab treatment in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:130-139.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1314768#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25006719?tool=bestpractice.com来自一项 II 期剂量范围研究的数据表明,对于局部治疗控制不充分的中至重度特应性皮炎成人患者,Dupilumab 可能有效;[107]Thaçi D, Simpson EL, Beck LA, et al. Efficacy and safety of dupilumab in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis inadequately controlled by topical treatments: a randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging phase 2b trial. Lancet. 2016;387:40-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26454361?tool=bestpractice.com一项 III 期临床试验正在进行中。
Crisaborole
Crisaborole 是一种局部外用非甾体抗炎性磷酸二酯酶-4 抑制剂,可抑制环磷苷酸的降解。2 项 III 期研究表明,Crisaborole 可改善轻至中度特应性皮炎患者的疾病严重程度和瘙痒。[108]Paller AS, Tom WL, Lebwohl MG, et al. Efficacy and safety of crisaborole ointment, a novel, nonsteroidal phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor for the topical treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) in children and adults. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;75:494-503.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0190962216303309http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27417017?tool=bestpractice.comCrisaborole 软膏已被 FDA 批准用于治疗 2 岁及以上轻至中度特应性皮炎患者。
饮食选择和顺势药物疗法
目前没有确定的研究证实改变孕妇、新生儿或儿童的饮食可以改善疾病症状或病情严重程度。[20]Kramer MS, Kakuma R. Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy or lactation, or both, for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(9):CD000133.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000133.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972039?tool=bestpractice.com许多临床试验力求确定益生菌、合生元(益生菌和益生元的组合)、鱼油、其他膳食补充剂或预消化肠内营养物质能否改变特应性皮炎的病程。[109]Chang YS, Trivedi MK, Jha A, et al. Synbiotics for prevention and treatment of atopic dermatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. JAMA Pediatr. 2016;170:236-242.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26810481?tool=bestpractice.com[110]Bath-Hextall FJ, Jenkinson C, Humphreys R, et al. Dietary supplements for established atopic eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(2):CD005205.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22336810?tool=bestpractice.com虽然许多家庭认为,在饮食中杜绝摄入一类食物或一种食物可以改善湿疹症状,但统计学证据表明,此类膳食改变对大多数患者有价值的统计学证据并没有说服力。此外,目前缺乏关于使用可用的顺势疗法的循证建议。[111]Ernst E. Homeopathy for eczema: a systematic review of controlled clinical trials. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166:1170-1172.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10994.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22568455?tool=bestpractice.com
过敏原免疫治疗
只有有限的研究关注了皮下、舌下或皮内给药的免疫疗法的影响。这些临床试验中有一些存在局限性,包括缺乏设盲、缺乏安慰剂组以及存在相关方法学上的不足。[112]Tam H, Calderon MA, Manikam L, et al. Specific allergen immunotherapy for the treatment of atopic eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(2):CD008774.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008774.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26871981?tool=bestpractice.com没有长期研究来证实特殊的免疫治疗可以改变过敏进程。[113]Compalati E, Rogkakou A, Passalacqua G, et al. Evidences of efficacy of allergen immunotherapy in atopic dermatitis: an updated review. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;12:427-433.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22622475?tool=bestpractice.com