特应性皮炎

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Darsow U, Wollenberg A, Simon D, et al. ETFAD/EADV eczema task force 2009 position paper on diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24:317-328.

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Eichenfield LF, Tom WL, Berger TG, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 2. Management and treatment of atopic dermatitis with topical therapies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71:116-132.

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Del Rosso JQ, Bhambri S. Daily application of fluocinonide 0.1% cream for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2009;2:24-32.

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Sher LG, Chang J, Patel IB, et al. Relieving the pruritus of atopic dermatitis: a meta-analysis. Acta Derm Venereol. 2012;92:455-461.

• 摘要

Huang JT, Rademaker A, Paller AS. Dilute bleach baths for Staphylococcus aureus colonization in atopic dermatitis to decrease disease severity. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147:246-247.

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Roekevisch E, Spuls PI, Kuester D, et al. Efficacy and safety of systemic treatments for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: a systematic review. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133:429-438.

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de Bes J, Legierse CM, Prinsen CA, et al. Patient education in chronic skin diseases: a systematic review. Acta Derm Venereol. 2011;91:12-17.

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• 摘要

Meurer M, Eichenfield LF, Ho V, et al. Addition of pimecrolimus cream 1% to a topical corticosteroid treatment regimen in paediatric patients with severe atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind trial. J Dermatolog Treat. 2010;21:157-166.

• 摘要

Doss N, Kamoun MR, Dubertret L, et al. Efficacy of tacrolimus 0.03% ointment as second-line treatment for children with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: evidence from a randomized, double-blind non-inferiority trial vs. fluticasone 0.005% ointment. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2010;21:321-329.

• 摘要

Doss N, Reitamo S, Dubertret L, et al. Superiority of tacrolimus 0.1% ointment compared with fluticasone 0.005% in adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis of the face: results from a randomized, double-blind trial. Br J Dermatol. 2009;161:427-434.

• 摘要

Simpson E, Böhling A, Bielfeldt S, et al. Improvement of skin barrier function in atopic dermatitis patients with a new moisturizer containing a ceramide precursor. J Dermatolog Treat. 2013;24:122-125.

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Bath-Hextall FJ, Jenkinson C, Humphreys R, et al. Dietary supplements for established atopic eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(2):CD005205.

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3.  Hurwitz S, Paller AS, Mancini J. Hurwitz clinical pediatric dermatology: a textbook of skin disorders of childhood and adolescence. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA; Edinburgh: Elsevier Saunders, 2006.

4.  Schmitt J, Apfelbacher CJ, Flohr C. Eczema. BMJ Clinical Evidence, 2011.

5.  Hirano SA, Murray SB, Harvey VM. Reporting, representation, and subgroup analysis of race and ethnicity in published clinical trials of atopic dermatitis in the United States between 2000 and 2009. Pediatr Dermatol. 2012;29:749-755.

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6.  Leung D, Boguniewicz M, Howell MD, et al. New insights into atopic dermatitis. The J Clin Invest. 2004;113:651-656.

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7.  Flohr C, Yeo L. Atopic dermatitis and the hygiene hypothesis revisited. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2011;41:1-34.

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8.  Morar N, Cookson W, Harper JI, et al. Filaggrin Mutations in Children with Severe Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2007;127:1667-1672.

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9.  Palmer CNA, Irvine AD, Terron-Kwiatkowski A, et al. Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. Nature Genetics. 2006;38;4:441-446.

10.  Meagher LJ, Wines NY, Cooper AJ. Atopic dermatitis: Review of immunopathogenesis and advances in immunosuppressive therapy. Australas J Dermatol. 2002;43:247-254.

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11.  Elias PM, Schmuth M. Abnormal skin barrier in the etiopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2009;9:265-272.

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12.  Palmer CN, Irvine AD, Terron-Kwiatkowski A, et al. Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet. 2006;38:441-446.

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13.  McGrath JA. Filaggrin and the great epidermal barrier grief. Australas J Dermatol. 2008;49:67-73; quiz 73-74.

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14.  Kezic S, Kemperman PM, Koster ES, et al. Loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene lead to reduced level of natural moisturizing factor in the stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol. 2008;128:2117-2119.

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15.  Elias PM, Schmuth M. Abnormal skin barrier in the etiopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;9:437-446.

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16.  Howell MD, Kim BE, Gao P, et al. Cytokine modulation of atopic dermatitis filaggrin skin expression. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120;1:150-155.

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17.  Carlsten C, Dimich-Ward H, Ferguson A, et al. Atopic dermatitis in a high-risk cohort: natural history, associated allergic outcomes, and risk factors. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2013;110:24-28.

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18.  Schultz Larsen F, Diepgen T, Svenson A. The occurrence of atopic dermatitis in North Europe: An international questionnaire study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;34:760-764.

19.  Ndibazza J, Mpairwe H, Webb EL, et al. Impact of anthelminthic treatment in pregnancy and childhood on immunisations, infections and eczema in childhood: a randomised controlled trial. PLoS One. 2012;7:e50325.

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20.  Kramer MS, Kakuma R. Maternal dietary antigen avoidance during pregnancy or lactation, or both, for preventing or treating atopic disease in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(9):CD000133.

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21.  Cuello-Garcia CA, Brożek JL, Fiocchi A, et al. Probiotics for the prevention of allergy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136:952-961.

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22.  Beattie PE, Green C, Lowe G, et al. Which children should we patch test? Clin Exp Dermatol. 2007;32:6-11.

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23.  Milingou M, Tagka A, Armenaka M, et al. Patch tests in children: a review of 13 years of experience in comparison with previous data. Pediatr Dermatol. 2010 ;27:255-259.

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24.  Pigatto P, Martelli A, Marsili C, et al. Contact dermatitis in children. Ital J Pediatr. 2010;36:2.

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25.  Zug KA, McGinley-Smith D, Warshaw EM, et al. Contact allergy in children referred for patch testing: North American Contact Dermatitis Group data, 2001-2004. Arch Dermatol. 2008;144:1329-1336.

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26.  Jacob SE, Burk CJ, Connelly EA. Patch testing: another steroid-sparing agent to consider in children. Pediatr Dermatol. 2008;25:81-87.

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27.  Thyssen JP, Johansen JD, Linneberg A, et al. The association between null mutations in the filaggrin gene and contact sensitization to nickel and other chemicals in the general population. Br J Dermatol. 2010;162:1278-1285.

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28.  Barnetson R, Rogers M. Childhood atopic eczema. BMJ. 2002;342:1376-1379.

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29.  Hanifin JM, Rajka G. Diagnostic features of atopic dermatitis. Acta Dermatol Vereneol. 1980;92(suppl):44-47.

30.  De D, Kanwar AJ, Handa S. Comparative efficacy of Hanifin and Rajka's criteria and the UK working party's diagnostic criteria in diagnosis of atopic dermatitis in a hospital setting in North India. JEADV. 2006;20:853-859.

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31.  Johnke H, Vach W, Norberg LA, et al. A comparison between criteria for diagnosing atopic eczema in infants. Br J Dermatol. 2005;153:352-358.

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32.  Williams HC, Burney PGJ, Pembroke AC, et al. Validation of the UK diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis in a population setting. Br J Dermatol. 1996;135:12-17.

33.  Williams HC, Burney PG, Hay RJ, et al. The U.K. Working Party's Diagnostic Criteria for Atopic Dermatitis. I. Derivation of a minimum set of discriminators for atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 1994;131:383-396.

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34.  Fleming S, Bodner C, Devereux G, et al. An application of the United Kingdom Working Party diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis in Scottish infants. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;117:1526-1530.

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35.  Brenninkmeijer EE, Schram ME, Leeflang MM, et al. Diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis: a systematic review. Br J Dermatol. 2008;158:754-765.

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36.  Levy ML. Atopic dermatitis: understanding the disease and its management. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23:3091-3103.

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37.  Darsow U, Wollenberg A, Simon D, et al. ETFAD/EADV eczema task force 2009 position paper on diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24:317-328.

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38.  Simpson EL. Atopic dermatitis: a review of topical treatment options. Cur Med Res Opin. 2010;26:633-640.

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39.  Schmitt J, Schäkel K, Fölster-Holst R, et al. Prednisolone vs. ciclosporin for severe adult eczema. An investigator-initiated double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre trial. Br J Dermatol. 2010;162:661-668.

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40.  Grimalt R, Mengeaud V, Cambazard F. The steroid-sparing effect of an emollient therapy in infants with atopic dermatitis: a randomized controlled study. Dermatology. 2007;214:61-67.

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41.  Vijayanand P, Seumois G, Simpson LJ, et al. Interleukin-4 production by follicular helper T cells requires the conserved Il4 enhancer hypersensitivity site V. Immunity. 2012;36:175-187.

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42.  Kabashima K. New concept of the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis: interplay among the barrier, allergy, and pruritus as a trinity. J Dermatol Sci. 2013;70:3-11.

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43.  Abramovits W, Hebert AA, Boguniewicz M, et al. Patient-reported outcomes from a multicenter, randomized, vehicle-controlled clinical study of MAS063DP (Atopiclair) in the management of mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis in adults. J Dermatolog Treat. 2008;19:327-332.

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44.  Patrizi A, Capitanio B, Neri I, et al. A double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled clinical study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of MAS063DP (ATOPICLAIR) in the management of atopic dermatitis in paediatric patients. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2008;19:619-625.

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45.  Frankel A, Sohn A, Patel RV, et al. Bilateral comparison study of pimecrolimus cream 1% and a ceramide-hyaluronic acid emollient foam in the treatment of patients with atopic dermatitis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011;10:666-672.

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46.  Simpson EL, Chalmers JR, Hanifin JM, et al. Emollient enhancement of the skin barrier from birth offers effective atopic dermatitis prevention. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134:818-823.

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47.  Horimukai K, Morita K, Narita M, et al. Application of moisturizer to neonates prevents development of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134:824-830.

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48.  Eichenfield LF, Tom WL, Berger TG, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 2. Management and treatment of atopic dermatitis with topical therapies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71:116-132.

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49.  Del Rosso JQ, Bhambri S. Daily application of fluocinonide 0.1% cream for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2009;2:24-32.

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50.  Wolverton SE. Comprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA; Elsevier Saunders, 2007.

51.  Callen J, Chamlin S, Eichenfield LF, et al. A systematic review of the safety of topical therapies for atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156:203-221.

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52.  Matheson R, Kempers S, Breneman D, et al. Hydrocortisone butyrate 0.1% lotion in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in pediatric subjects. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008;7:266-271.

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53.  Trookman NS, Rizer RL. Randomized controlled trial of desonlde hydrogel 0.05% versus desonide ointment 0.05% in the treatment of mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2011;4:34-38.

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54.  Sigurgeirsson B, Ho V, Ferrándiz C, et al. Effectiveness and safety of a prevention-of-flare-progression strategy with pimecrolimus cream 1% in the management of paediatric atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008;22:1290-1301.

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55.  Murrell DF, Calvieri S, Ortonne JP, et al. A randomized controlled trial of pimecrolimus cream 1% in adolescents and adults with head and neck atopic dermatitis and intolerant of, or dependent on, topical corticosteroids. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157:954-959.

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56.  Langley RG, Eichenfield LF, Lucky AW, et al. Sustained efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus cream 1% when used long-term (up to 26 weeks) to treat children with atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2008;25:301-307.

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57.  Gollnick H, Kaufmann R, Stough D, et al. Pimecrolimus cream 1% in the long-term management of adult atopic dermatitis: prevention of flare progression: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2008;158:1083-1093.

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58.  Ashcroft DM, Chen LC, Garside R, et al. Topical pimecrolimus for eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD005500.

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59.  Aschoff R, Schwanebeck U, Bräutigam M, et al. Skin physiological parameters confirm the therapeutic efficacy of pimecrolimus cream 1% in patients with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol. 2009;18:24-29.

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60.  Hoeger PH, Lee KH, Jautova J, et al. The treatment of facial atopic dermatitis in children who are intolerant of, or dependent on, topical corticosteroids: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160:415-422.

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61.  Ruer-Mular M, Aberer W, Gunstone A, et al. Twice-daily versus once-daily applications of pimecrolimus cream 1% for the prevention of disease relapse in pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2009;26:551-558.

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62.  Thaci D, Reitamo S, Gonzalez Ensenat MA, et al. Proactive disease management with 0.03% tacrolimus ointment for children with atopic dermatitis: results of a randomized, multicentre, comparative study. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159:1348-1356.

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63.  Paller AS, Eichenfield LF, Kirsner RS, et al. Three times weekly tacrolimus ointment reduces relapse in stabilized atopic dermatitis: a new paradigm for use. Pediatrics. 2008;122:1210-1218.

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64.  Remitz A, Reitamo S. Long-term safety of tacrolimus ointment in atopic dermatitis. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2009;8:501-506.

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65.  Wollenberg A, Reitamo S, Girolomoni G, et al. Proactive treatment of atopic dermatitis in adults with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment. Allergy. 2008;63:742-750.

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66.  Li RX, Zhu Hl, Fan LM. Efficacy and tolerability of topical tacrolimus in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials [in Chinese]. J Clin Dermatol. details. 2007;36:757-762.

67.  Breneman D, Fleischer AB Jr, Abramovits W, et al. Intermittent therapy for flare prevention and long-term disease control in stabilized atopic dermatitis: a randomized comparison of 3-times-weekly applications of tacrolimus ointment versus vehicle. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:990-999.

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68.  El-Batawy MM, Bosseila MA, Mashaly HM, et al. Topical calcineurin inhibitors in atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dermatol Sci. 2009;54:76-87.

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69.  Draelos ZD. Use of topical corticosteroids and topical calcineurin inhibitors for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in thin and sensitive skin areas. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24:985-994.

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70.  Abramovits W, Fleischer AB Jr, Jaracz E, et al. Adult patients with moderate atopic dermatitis: tacrolimus ointment versus pimecrolimus cream. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008;7:1153-1158.

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71.  Poole CD, Chambers C, Sidhu MK, et al. Health-related utility among adults with atopic dermatitis treated with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment as maintenance therapy over the long term: findings from the Protopic CONTROL study. Br J Dermatol. 2009;161:1335-1340.

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72.  Yin ZQ, Zhang WM, Song GX, et al. Meta-analysis on the comparison between two topical calcineurin inhibitors in atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol. 2012;39:520-526.

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73.  Sher LG, Chang J, Patel IB, et al. Relieving the pruritus of atopic dermatitis: a meta-analysis. Acta Derm Venereol. 2012;92:455-461.

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74.  Cury Martins J, Martins C, Aoki V, et al. Topical tacrolimus for atopic dermatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(7):CD009864.

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75.  Sigurgeirsson B, Boznanski A, Todd G, et al. Safety and efficacy of pimecrolimus in atopic dermatitis: a 5-year randomized trial. Pediatrics. 2015;135:597-606.

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76.  Gong JQ, Lin L, Lin T, et al. Skin colonization by Staphylococcus aureus in patients with eczema and atopic dermatitis and relevant combined topical therapy: a double-blind multicentre randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155:680-687.

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77.  Dickman M, Dawson AL, Dellavalle RP. The relationship between hygiene and microbial burden in atopic dermatitis risk based on a systematic review. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148:936-938.

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78.  Anderson PC, Dinulos JG. Atopic dermatitis and alternative management strategies. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2009;21:131-138.

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79.  Huang JT, Rademaker A, Paller AS. Dilute bleach baths for Staphylococcus aureus colonization in atopic dermatitis to decrease disease severity. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147:246-247.

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80.  Meduri NB, Vandergriff T, Rasmussen H, et al. Phototherapy in the management of atopic dermatitis: a systemic review. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2007;23:106-112.

81.  Der-Petrossian M, Seeber A, Hönigsmann H, et al. Half-side comparison study on the efficacy of 8-methoxypsoralen bath-PUVA versus narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy in patients with severe chronic atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2000;142:39-43.

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82.  Schmitt J, Schäkel K, Schmitt N, et al. Systemic treatment of severe atopic eczema: a systematic review. Acta Derm Venereol. 2007;87:100-111.

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83.  Schmitt J, Schmitt N, Meurer M. Cyclosporin in the treatment of patients with atopic eczema: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007;21:606-619.

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84.  Roekevisch E, Spuls PI, Kuester D, et al. Efficacy and safety of systemic treatments for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: a systematic review. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133:429-438.

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85.  Weatherhead SC, Wahie S, Reynolds NJ, et al. An open-label, dose-ranging study of methotrexate for moderate-to-severe adult atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156:346-351.

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86.  Goujon C, Bérard F, Dahel K, et al. Methotrexate for the treatment of adult atopic dermatitis. Eur J Dermatol. 2006;16:155-158.

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87.  Simpson E, Dutronc Y. A new body moisturizer increases skin hydration and improves atopic dermatitis symptoms among children and adults. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011;10:744-749.

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88.  Kawakami T, Kaminishi K, Soma Y, et al. Oral antihistamine therapy influences plasma tryptase levels in adult atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci. 2006;43:127-134.

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89.  Papoiu AD, Wang H, Coghill RC, et al. Contagious itch in humans: a study of visual 'transmission' of itch in atopic dermatitis and healthy subjects. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164:1299-1303.

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90.  Birnie AJ, Bath-Hextall FJ, Ravenscroft JC, et al. Interventions to reduce Staphylococcus aureus in the management of atopic eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(3):CD003871.

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91.  Pickett K, Loveman E, Kalita N, et al. Educational interventions to improve quality of life in people with chronic inflammatory skin diseases: systematic reviews of clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. Health Technol Assess. 2015;19:1-176, v-vi.

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92.  Chisolm SS, Taylor SL, Balkrishnan R, et al. Written action plans: potential for improving outcomes in children with atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59:677-683.

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93.  de Bes J, Legierse CM, Prinsen CA, et al. Patient education in chronic skin diseases: a systematic review. Acta Derm Venereol. 2011;91:12-17.

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94.  Chida Y, Steptoe A, Hirakawa N, et al. The effects of psychological intervention on atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2007;144:1-9.

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95.  Ersser SJ, Cowdell F, Latter S, et al. Psychological and educational interventions for atopic eczema in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(1):CD004054.

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96.  Carbone A, Siu A, Patel R. Pediatric atopic dermatitis: a review of the medical management. Ann Pharmacother. 2010;44:1448-1458.

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97.  Meurer M, Eichenfield LF, Ho V, et al. Addition of pimecrolimus cream 1% to a topical corticosteroid treatment regimen in paediatric patients with severe atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind trial. J Dermatolog Treat. 2010;21:157-166.

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98.  Chen SL, Yan J, Wang FS. Two topical calcineurin inhibitors for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in pediatric patients: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Dermatolog Treat. 2010;21:144-156.

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99.  Doss N, Kamoun MR, Dubertret L, et al. Efficacy of tacrolimus 0.03% ointment as second-line treatment for children with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: evidence from a randomized, double-blind non-inferiority trial vs. fluticasone 0.005% ointment. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2010;21:321-329.

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100.  Doss N, Reitamo S, Dubertret L, et al. Superiority of tacrolimus 0.1% ointment compared with fluticasone 0.005% in adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis of the face: results from a randomized, double-blind trial. Br J Dermatol. 2009;161:427-434.

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101.  Poole CD, Chamber C, Allsopp R, et al. Quality of life and health-related utility analysis of adults with moderate and severe atopic dermatitis treated with tacrolimus ointment vs. topical corticosteroids. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24:674-678.

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102.  Heller M, Shin HT, Orlow SJ, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil for severe childhood atopic dermatitis: experience in 14 patients. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157:127-132.

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103.  Thomas KS, Koller K, Dean T, et al. A multicentre randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of ion-exchange water softeners for the treatment of eczema in children: the Softened Water Eczema Trial (SWET). Health Technol Assess. 2011;15:1-156.

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104.  Simpson E, Böhling A, Bielfeldt S, et al. Improvement of skin barrier function in atopic dermatitis patients with a new moisturizer containing a ceramide precursor. J Dermatolog Treat. 2013;24:122-125.

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105.  Patrizi A, Raone B, Raboni R, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a cream containing AR-GG27® (sorbityl furfural palmitate) in the treatment of mild/moderate childhood atopic dermatitis associated with pityriasis alba: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2012;147(suppl 1):1-8.

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106.  Beck LA, Thaçi D, Hamilton JD, et al. Dupilumab treatment in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:130-139.

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107.  Thaçi D, Simpson EL, Beck LA, et al. Efficacy and safety of dupilumab in adults with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis inadequately controlled by topical treatments: a randomised, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging phase 2b trial. Lancet. 2016;387:40-52.

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108.  Paller AS, Tom WL, Lebwohl MG, et al. Efficacy and safety of crisaborole ointment, a novel, nonsteroidal phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor for the topical treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) in children and adults. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;75:494-503.

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