特应性皮炎是一种慢性复发性疾病,患者及家属的教育是必要的,使他们更好地理解基本的皮肤护理及如何避免激发因素。[36]Levy ML. Atopic dermatitis: understanding the disease and its management. Curr Med Res Opin. 2007;23:3091-3103.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17971284?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Darsow U, Wollenberg A, Simon D, et al. ETFAD/EADV eczema task force 2009 position paper on diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24:317-328.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03415.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19732254?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Simpson EL. Atopic dermatitis: a review of topical treatment options. Cur Med Res Opin. 2010;26:633-640.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20070141?tool=bestpractice.com
特应性皮炎的治疗应该遵循分级治疗的原则。 润肤剂是基本治疗,可根据病情升级选择外用皮质类固醇及钙调磷酸酶抑制剂治疗,多数患者可以获得有效的症状控制,但是对于少数治疗抵抗的患者可以进一步选择煤焦油,紫外线光疗及系统使用免疫抑制剂。
治疗特应性皮炎不建议口服皮质类固醇。一项安慰剂对照的双盲、随机试验表明,在口服泼尼松龙的 27 名患者中,只有一名患者实现了持久的缓解,而许多患者都出现了明显的反弹性皮肤潮红,这是一种口服皮质类固醇停药后的常见现象。[39]Schmitt J, Schäkel K, Fölster-Holst R, et al. Prednisolone vs. ciclosporin for severe adult eczema. An investigator-initiated double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre trial. Br J Dermatol. 2010;162:661-668.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19863501?tool=bestpractice.com此外,口服皮质类固醇可导致许多短期和长期副作用,包括高血压、体重增加、葡萄糖耐受不良、肾上腺抑制以及儿童群体中可能出现线性生长速度降低。
所有患者均需使用润肤剂
润肤剂可以提高皮肤屏障功能,是所有患者日常皮肤护理的一部分。一部分患者单用润肤剂就可以达到治疗目的。症状严重:使用润肤剂疗效不佳。润肤剂是否比安慰剂更有利于减少皮肤干燥,红斑,苔癣样变或局部症状并不清楚。某些润肤剂是否比其他润肤剂更有效也不清楚。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。复发率:仅有少量的证据表明与有效的皮质类固醇相比(0.05%丙酸氟替卡松,每周2次间断使用),润肤剂的疗效较差,平均在16周复发。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。对于所有其他患者,采用润肤剂与其他治疗相结合。Symptom severity: there is poor-quality evidence available on the use of emollients. When compared with mild corticosteroids kamillosan cream (emollient) may be more effective than 0.5% hydrocortisone cream (mild corticosteroid) in relief of atopic dermatitis symptoms. When emollients alone are compared to corticosteroids plus emollients, emollients used on their own may be less effective in improving atopic dermatitis symptoms.低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。复发率:仅有少量正证据表明与皮质类固醇和润肤剂联合使用相比,单用润肤剂复发率更高。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。对于中至重度特应性皮炎婴儿患者,润肤剂治疗已被证明有减少皮质类固醇用量的作用。[40]Grimalt R, Mengeaud V, Cambazard F. The steroid-sparing effect of an emollient therapy in infants with atopic dermatitis: a randomized controlled study. Dermatology. 2007;214:61-67.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17191050?tool=bestpractice.com减少婴儿中重度特应性皮炎强效激素用量:低质量的证据比较了中效或强效外用皮质类固醇联合润肤剂或单用皮质类固醇的治疗效果表明联合应用者可减少皮质类固醇用量而达到治疗效果。[40]Grimalt R, Mengeaud V, Cambazard F. The steroid-sparing effect of an emollient therapy in infants with atopic dermatitis: a randomized controlled study. Dermatology. 2007;214:61-67.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17191050?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
通过减少皮肤干燥和改善皮肤屏障功能,润肤剂可缓解瘙痒和疼痛症状,此外可减少细菌和过敏原暴露。沐浴后使用润肤剂可以保持皮肤滋润。
恢复皮肤屏障功能对于特应性皮炎患者皮肤护理十分重要。屏障受损不是一个偶然现象,而是引发慢性复发性皮肤病的真正的发病机制。[41]Vijayanand P, Seumois G, Simpson LJ, et al. Interleukin-4 production by follicular helper T cells requires the conserved Il4 enhancer hypersensitivity site V. Immunity. 2012;36:175-187.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3288297/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22326582?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Kabashima K. New concept of the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis: interplay among the barrier, allergy, and pruritus as a trinity. J Dermatol Sci. 2013;70:3-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23473856?tool=bestpractice.com尽管应用润肤剂成为贯穿整个皮肤护理的一部分,但一些更为特异性的药如MAS063DP(品牌名爱妥丽)显示出对成人及儿童患者的病情控制有一定的效用。[43]Abramovits W, Hebert AA, Boguniewicz M, et al. Patient-reported outcomes from a multicenter, randomized, vehicle-controlled clinical study of MAS063DP (Atopiclair) in the management of mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis in adults. J Dermatolog Treat. 2008;19:327-332.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18728923?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Patrizi A, Capitanio B, Neri I, et al. A double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled clinical study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of MAS063DP (ATOPICLAIR) in the management of atopic dermatitis in paediatric patients. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2008;19:619-625.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18298424?tool=bestpractice.com其他含有神经酰胺的润肤剂对于特应性皮炎患者的帮助极大。[45]Frankel A, Sohn A, Patel RV, et al. Bilateral comparison study of pimecrolimus cream 1% and a ceramide-hyaluronic acid emollient foam in the treatment of patients with atopic dermatitis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011;10:666-672.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21637908?tool=bestpractice.com这些产品在药店及医院均可买到。最新建议润肤剂使用没有年龄限制,并且能够帮助减少瘙痒,控制病情。作为皮肤护理中贯穿始终的一部分,这些产品可为患者疾病控制和护理提供新的益处。
许多随机对照研究表明,对特应性皮炎患病风险较高的新生儿日常涂抹润肤膏或润肤剂可预防特应性皮炎的发展,但需要较大型的试验来证实这一发现。[46]Simpson EL, Chalmers JR, Hanifin JM, et al. Emollient enhancement of the skin barrier from birth offers effective atopic dermatitis prevention. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134:818-823.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4180007/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25282563?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Horimukai K, Morita K, Narita M, et al. Application of moisturizer to neonates prevents development of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134:824-830.http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749%2814%2901160-9/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25282564?tool=bestpractice.com
局部皮质类固醇
多年来局部应用皮质类固醇是治疗特应性皮炎的主要方法,与其他治疗方案相比是有效性的参照标准。[48]Eichenfield LF, Tom WL, Berger TG, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 2. Management and treatment of atopic dermatitis with topical therapies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71:116-132.http://www.jaad.org/article/S0190-9622(14)01257-2/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24813302?tool=bestpractice.com症状严重程度:仅有少量证据表明与安慰剂相比,皮质类固醇(中效,强效,超强效)能更有效清除特应性皮炎并且改善疾病严重程度和瘙痒。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。这些局部用药可以减轻炎症反应和瘙痒,常短期应用于特应性皮炎。患者使用的皮质类固醇从弱效开始到中效,间断使用在受累部位。Symptom severity: there is poor-quality evidence available on the use of emollients. When compared with mild corticosteroids kamillosan cream (emollient) may be more effective than 0.5% hydrocortisone cream (mild corticosteroid) in relief of atopic dermatitis symptoms. When emollients alone are compared to corticosteroids plus emollients, emollients used on their own may be less effective in improving atopic dermatitis symptoms.低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。症状严重程度:仅有少量证据表明与安慰剂相比,皮质类固醇(中效,强效,超强效)能更有效清除特应性皮炎并且改善疾病严重程度和瘙痒。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。如果患者没有缓解,那么他们在皮肤潮红期间可能需要更强效的皮质类固醇制剂,并持续使用较温和的药物维持治疗。[49]Del Rosso JQ, Bhambri S. Daily application of fluocinonide 0.1% cream for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2009;2:24-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2923967/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20729956?tool=bestpractice.com复发率:仅有少量正证据表明与皮质类固醇和润肤剂联合使用相比,单用润肤剂复发率更高。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。复发率:仅有少量的证据表明与有效的皮质类固醇相比(0.05%丙酸氟替卡松,每周2次间断使用),润肤剂的疗效较差,平均在16周复发。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。同时,如果症状没有控制,更强效的皮质类固醇需要用来维持治疗。虽然一些指南建议局部外用皮质类固醇每天一次,但许多药物经美国食品和药品监督管理局批准每天使用两次。
一些父母对于局部外用皮质类固醇的使用有顾虑,不愿在孩子的病损皮肤处使用。这些家长应当了解,局部外用皮质类固醇自 20 世纪 50 年代推出以来,一直具有很好的疗效及安全性。美国 FDA 已经批准几种局部外用皮质类固醇制剂可应用于最小 3 月龄的特应性皮炎患儿。
外用弱效激素以达到成功治疗可减少药物的副作用。外用皮质类固醇的副作用包括皮肤萎缩、色素沉着、皮肤萎缩纹及毛细血管扩张。长期应用皮质类固醇可使患者对药物耐受。最有效避免药物耐受的方法是持续用药3-4天后停药一段时间,或换用另一种外用激素。[50]Wolverton SE. Comprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA; Elsevier Saunders, 2007.
曾有局部外用皮质类固醇引起全身副作用的报道。全身副作用较少,但包括下丘脑—垂体—肾上腺轴受抑制,影响线性生长发育,库欣综合征及骨代谢减少。[3]Hurwitz S, Paller AS, Mancini J. Hurwitz clinical pediatric dermatology: a textbook of skin disorders of childhood and adolescence. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA; Edinburgh: Elsevier Saunders, 2006.[50]Wolverton SE. Comprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA; Elsevier Saunders, 2007.[51]Callen J, Chamlin S, Eichenfield LF, et al. A systematic review of the safety of topical therapies for atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156:203-221.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17223859?tool=bestpractice.com这些不良事件常发生在大量应用皮质类固醇的患者。由于儿童体表面积与体重的比值增加,这些患者发生全身效应的风险更高,因此任何时候都应尽量减少激素使用量。浓度为0.1%的丁酸氢化可的松洗剂作为一种新的外用药物被认为对于3个月以上患者是安全而有效的。[52]Matheson R, Kempers S, Breneman D, et al. Hydrocortisone butyrate 0.1% lotion in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in pediatric subjects. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008;7:266-271.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18380208?tool=bestpractice.com
药物名称中的百分比与药物强度无关,所以了解每一个皮质类固醇的强度很重要。症状严重程度:在不同皮质类固醇之间哪一种激素更能改善疾病严重程度及瘙痒仅有低质量的证据可用,因此对比效果不明确。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。外用皮质类固醇根据其作用强度分级。
弱效:氢化可的松,地奈德。[53]Trookman NS, Rizer RL. Randomized controlled trial of desonlde hydrogel 0.05% versus desonide ointment 0.05% in the treatment of mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2011;4:34-38.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3225140/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22125657?tool=bestpractice.com症状严重程度:仅有少量证据表明与1.0%吡美莫司相比,皮质类固醇可能在1周时病情缓解,1周或3周瘙痒改善情况更好。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
中效:氟替卡松,曲安西龙,氟轻松。症状严重程度:仅有少量证据表明与安慰剂相比,皮质类固醇(中效,强效,超强效)能更有效清除特应性皮炎并且改善疾病严重程度和瘙痒。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
强效激素:莫米松,倍他米松,去羟米松。复发率:仅有少量的证据表明与有效的皮质类固醇相比(0.05%丙酸氟替卡松,每周2次间断使用),润肤剂的疗效较差,平均在16周复发。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。Symptom severity: there is poor-quality evidence to suggest that, when compared with 1% pimecrolimus, potent corticosteroids (0.1% betamethasone and 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide) are more effective at clearing atopic dermatitis at three weeks.低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
超强效激素:氯倍他索,乌倍他索,双氟拉松。
外用钙调磷酸酶抑制剂
外用钙调磷酸酶抑制剂(吡美莫司症状严重程度:高质量的研究表明与对照组相比,1.0%吡美莫司更能在3-6周时起效,1或6周时改善瘙痒。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。Symptom severity: there is good-quality evidence to demonstrate that 1% pimecrolimus reduces acute flares of atopic dermatitis and requirement for corticosteroid rescue treatment at 6-12 months when compared with placebo.系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。和他克莫司症状严重程度:高质量证据表明0.03%和0.1%他克莫司较安慰剂更能改善疾病严重程度和瘙痒程度。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。症状严重程度:中等质量的证据表明0.03%他克莫司和0.1%他克莫司比醋酸氢化可的松(弱效)改善疾病严重程度上更有效,但我们并不知道其是否比丁酸氯倍他松(中效),丁酸氢化可的松(强效),及醋酸甲基泼尼松龙(强效)更有效。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。症状严重程度:低质量的证据表明皮质类固醇(中效和强效)与他克莫司联合使用比他克莫司单用更有效。他克莫司单用较皮质类固醇(中效和强效)与他克莫司联合使用在改善疾病严重程度上效果较差。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。)是抗炎症药物,可单独或与皮质类固醇联合用来治疗特应性皮炎。症状严重程度:1.0%吡美莫司是否比0.03%他克莫司分别在1、3、6周对改善疾病病情及瘙痒更有效或者它比0.1%他克莫司在第1周控制疾病更有效并不确定,但是1.0%吡美莫司在3周或6周时疾病控制效果不如0.1%他克莫司。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。有治疗经验的医生才能使用这些药物。1%吡美莫司[54]Sigurgeirsson B, Ho V, Ferrándiz C, et al. Effectiveness and safety of a prevention-of-flare-progression strategy with pimecrolimus cream 1% in the management of paediatric atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2008;22:1290-1301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18624866?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Murrell DF, Calvieri S, Ortonne JP, et al. A randomized controlled trial of pimecrolimus cream 1% in adolescents and adults with head and neck atopic dermatitis and intolerant of, or dependent on, topical corticosteroids. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157:954-959.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17935515?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Langley RG, Eichenfield LF, Lucky AW, et al. Sustained efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus cream 1% when used long-term (up to 26 weeks) to treat children with atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2008;25:301-307.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18577032?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Gollnick H, Kaufmann R, Stough D, et al. Pimecrolimus cream 1% in the long-term management of adult atopic dermatitis: prevention of flare progression: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2008;158:1083-1093.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18341665?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Ashcroft DM, Chen LC, Garside R, et al. Topical pimecrolimus for eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD005500.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17943859?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Aschoff R, Schwanebeck U, Bräutigam M, et al. Skin physiological parameters confirm the therapeutic efficacy of pimecrolimus cream 1% in patients with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol. 2009;18:24-29.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18637133?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Hoeger PH, Lee KH, Jautova J, et al. The treatment of facial atopic dermatitis in children who are intolerant of, or dependent on, topical corticosteroids: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160:415-422.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19067708?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Ruer-Mular M, Aberer W, Gunstone A, et al. Twice-daily versus once-daily applications of pimecrolimus cream 1% for the prevention of disease relapse in pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2009;26:551-558.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19840309?tool=bestpractice.com和0.03%他克莫司[62]Thaci D, Reitamo S, Gonzalez Ensenat MA, et al. Proactive disease management with 0.03% tacrolimus ointment for children with atopic dermatitis: results of a randomized, multicentre, comparative study. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159:1348-1356.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18782319?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Paller AS, Eichenfield LF, Kirsner RS, et al. Three times weekly tacrolimus ointment reduces relapse in stabilized atopic dermatitis: a new paradigm for use. Pediatrics. 2008;122:1210-1218.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19015204?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Remitz A, Reitamo S. Long-term safety of tacrolimus ointment in atopic dermatitis. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2009;8:501-506.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19435404?tool=bestpractice.com可用于2岁以上患者,0.1%他克莫司[65]Wollenberg A, Reitamo S, Girolomoni G, et al. Proactive treatment of atopic dermatitis in adults with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment. Allergy. 2008;63:742-750.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18592619?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Li RX, Zhu Hl, Fan LM. Efficacy and tolerability of topical tacrolimus in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials [in Chinese]. J Clin Dermatol. details. 2007;36:757-762.[67]Breneman D, Fleischer AB Jr, Abramovits W, et al. Intermittent therapy for flare prevention and long-term disease control in stabilized atopic dermatitis: a randomized comparison of 3-times-weekly applications of tacrolimus ointment versus vehicle. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:990-999.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18359127?tool=bestpractice.com可用于16岁以上患者。[68]El-Batawy MM, Bosseila MA, Mashaly HM, et al. Topical calcineurin inhibitors in atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dermatol Sci. 2009;54:76-87.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19303745?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Draelos ZD. Use of topical corticosteroids and topical calcineurin inhibitors for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in thin and sensitive skin areas. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008;24:985-994.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18284804?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Abramovits W, Fleischer AB Jr, Jaracz E, et al. Adult patients with moderate atopic dermatitis: tacrolimus ointment versus pimecrolimus cream. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008;7:1153-1158.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19137769?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Poole CD, Chambers C, Sidhu MK, et al. Health-related utility among adults with atopic dermatitis treated with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment as maintenance therapy over the long term: findings from the Protopic CONTROL study. Br J Dermatol. 2009;161:1335-1340.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19754867?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Yin ZQ, Zhang WM, Song GX, et al. Meta-analysis on the comparison between two topical calcineurin inhibitors in atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol. 2012;39:520-526.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22409418?tool=bestpractice.com
在一项荟萃分析中显示,钙调磷酸酶抑制剂是缓解特应性皮炎患者瘙痒最有效的外用药。[73]Sher LG, Chang J, Patel IB, et al. Relieving the pruritus of atopic dermatitis: a meta-analysis. Acta Derm Venereol. 2012;92:455-461.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22773026?tool=bestpractice.com一项系统性综述观察了采用他克莫司局部给药来治疗特应性皮炎的 20 项试验,结果表明,他克莫司 (0.1%) 比吡美莫司、他克莫司 (0.03%) 和低效皮质类固醇更有效。此外,研究发现,他克莫司 (0.03%) 的效果优于温和的皮质类固醇和吡美莫司。[74]Cury Martins J, Martins C, Aoki V, et al. Topical tacrolimus for atopic dermatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(7):CD009864.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009864.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26132597?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How does topical tacrolimus compare with corticosteroids for the treatment of atopic dermatitis?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.948/full显示答案
应用钙调磷酸酶抑制剂的副作用最常见的是使用部位出现红斑、瘙痒、皮肤刺激或皮肤烧灼感。[50]Wolverton SE. Comprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA; Elsevier Saunders, 2007. 但是研究显示这些不良反应的发生与空白对照并没有显著差别。
由于担忧使用局部外用钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂的患者理论上有患恶性肿瘤的风险,因而 FDA 建议,应用此类药物的长期安全性尚未确定,而且建议限制在受累部位使用并尽可能避免长期使用。[50]Wolverton SE. Comprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA; Elsevier Saunders, 2007.由于缺乏这些药物与恶性肿瘤发生之间关系的证据支持,美国皮肤病学会并不支持这些药物的黑框警告。一项为期 5 年的随机试验调查了吡美莫司对年龄介于 3-12 个月之间的婴儿的安全性和有效性,其结论是,吡美莫司是安全的,不会对免疫系统造成任何影响。[75]Sigurgeirsson B, Boznanski A, Todd G, et al. Safety and efficacy of pimecrolimus in atopic dermatitis: a 5-year randomized trial. Pediatrics. 2015;135:597-606.http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/135/4/597.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25802354?tool=bestpractice.com
虽然已认识到患者外用钙调磷酸酶抑制剂可增加皮肤感染的发生率,但对于2组患者的对照试验研究表明两组之间的差异没有统计学意义。但是考虑到这一趋势,建议感染皮肤上不应用这些药物。[51]Callen J, Chamlin S, Eichenfield LF, et al. A systematic review of the safety of topical therapies for atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156:203-221.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17223859?tool=bestpractice.com
复发性皮疹
当患者规律用药但皮疹仍持续,要考虑皮肤感染及定植金黄色葡萄球菌。[76]Gong JQ, Lin L, Lin T, et al. Skin colonization by Staphylococcus aureus in patients with eczema and atopic dermatitis and relevant combined topical therapy: a double-blind multicentre randomized controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155:680-687.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16965415?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Dickman M, Dawson AL, Dellavalle RP. The relationship between hygiene and microbial burden in atopic dermatitis risk based on a systematic review. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148:936-938.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22911191?tool=bestpractice.com稀释次氯酸钠沐浴和采用抗生素局部给药进行鼻腔治疗通常对患者有帮助。[78]Anderson PC, Dinulos JG. Atopic dermatitis and alternative management strategies. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2009;21:131-138.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19242250?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Huang JT, Rademaker A, Paller AS. Dilute bleach baths for Staphylococcus aureus colonization in atopic dermatitis to decrease disease severity. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147:246-247.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21339459?tool=bestpractice.com
对于外用皮质类固醇和钙调磷酸酶抑制剂治疗抵抗的患者可用煤焦油和UV照射治疗
对于皮质类固醇和外用钙调磷酸酶酶抑制剂治疗无效的患者可外用煤焦油和UV治疗。
历史上,外用煤焦油可成功治疗特应性皮炎,但很少有研究评估其疗效。此外,虽然对煤焦油治疗特应性皮炎的安全性没有很好地研究,但是很少有其副作用及药物过敏的报道。[50]Wolverton SE. Comprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA; Elsevier Saunders, 2007.[48]Eichenfield LF, Tom WL, Berger TG, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 2. Management and treatment of atopic dermatitis with topical therapies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71:116-132.http://www.jaad.org/article/S0190-9622(14)01257-2/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24813302?tool=bestpractice.com
紫外线照射疗法用于治疗特应性皮炎已经有几十年的历史了,主要用于对标准疗法无效或无法耐受其他治疗的患者。除了治疗特应性皮炎常见的方法外,仍然只有很少的随机研究来评估光疗的有效性或最佳波长及照射剂量。有限的研究表明UVA1在急性期的治疗效果优于UVAB和中效外用皮质类固醇。最高疗效出现在治疗后的几周内,但只能持续2-3月。虽然中等剂量与高剂量(50J/cm^2-130J/cm^2)的治疗效果相似,但中等剂量的疗效要优于低剂量10J/cm^2)。基于以上原因,中等剂量UVA1是治疗急性特应性皮炎的常用方法。[80]Meduri NB, Vandergriff T, Rasmussen H, et al. Phototherapy in the management of atopic dermatitis: a systemic review. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2007;23:106-112.
窄波UVB治疗证实对慢性特应性皮炎更有效,但是缺少使用剂量的证据。[80]Meduri NB, Vandergriff T, Rasmussen H, et al. Phototherapy in the management of atopic dermatitis: a systemic review. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2007;23:106-112.
补骨脂素加UVA治疗也可应用在特应性皮炎的治疗中,但大多数研究表明其适用在成人患者中。[81]Der-Petrossian M, Seeber A, Hönigsmann H, et al. Half-side comparison study on the efficacy of 8-methoxypsoralen bath-PUVA versus narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy in patients with severe chronic atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2000;142:39-43.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10651692?tool=bestpractice.com
系统免疫抑制剂治疗其他治疗无效的患者
系统免疫抑制剂需在皮肤科医生的指导下使用。[82]Schmitt J, Schäkel K, Schmitt N, et al. Systemic treatment of severe atopic eczema: a systematic review. Acta Derm Venereol. 2007;87:100-111.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17340015?tool=bestpractice.com
口服环孢素
已证实对儿童和成人均有长期疗效。[83]Schmitt J, Schmitt N, Meurer M. Cyclosporin in the treatment of patients with atopic eczema: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2007;21:606-619.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17447974?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Roekevisch E, Spuls PI, Kuester D, et al. Efficacy and safety of systemic treatments for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: a systematic review. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;133:429-438.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24269258?tool=bestpractice.com
通过抑制钙调磷酸酶发挥作用,而钙调磷酸酶是T细胞活化和增殖必须的一种磷酸酶。
由于环孢素的高分子量,外用无效。系统用药的副作用包括高血压及肾功能不全。[10]Meagher LJ, Wines NY, Cooper AJ. Atopic dermatitis: Review of immunopathogenesis and advances in immunosuppressive therapy. Australas J Dermatol. 2002;43:247-254.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12423430?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Barnetson R, Rogers M. Childhood atopic eczema. BMJ. 2002;342:1376-1379.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12052810?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Wolverton SE. Comprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA; Elsevier Saunders, 2007.
短期应用环孢素(2周)可控制特别是治疗抵抗的患者,并且可作为维持治疗的方案。
口服/皮下注射甲氨蝶呤
它是一种叶酸拮抗剂,用来治疗银屑病,类风湿性关节炎和蕈样肉芽肿。[50]Wolverton SE. Comprehensive Dermatologic Drug Therapy. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA; Elsevier Saunders, 2007.
虽然缺乏随机对照研究,但几个小的实验表明中度到重度的特应性皮炎患者使用甲氨蝶呤后得到症状得到了改善。
虽然甲氨蝶呤的适应证不包括特应性皮炎,但其抗炎效应使其成为治疗特应性皮炎的二线用药。副作用包括恶心,肝酶升高和偶发的全血细胞减少或肝、肺毒性。[85]Weatherhead SC, Wahie S, Reynolds NJ, et al. An open-label, dose-ranging study of methotrexate for moderate-to-severe adult atopic eczema. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156:346-351.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17223876?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Goujon C, Bérard F, Dahel K, et al. Methotrexate for the treatment of adult atopic dermatitis. Eur J Dermatol. 2006;16:155-158.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16581567?tool=bestpractice.com
瘙痒的辅助治疗
虽然抗组胺药物在特应性皮炎瘙痒治疗中的作用并未明确,但可应用其中枢镇静作用来改善患者严重的睡眠障碍。[3]Hurwitz S, Paller AS, Mancini J. Hurwitz clinical pediatric dermatology: a textbook of skin disorders of childhood and adolescence. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA; Edinburgh: Elsevier Saunders, 2006.[48]Eichenfield LF, Tom WL, Berger TG, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 2. Management and treatment of atopic dermatitis with topical therapies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71:116-132.http://www.jaad.org/article/S0190-9622(14)01257-2/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24813302?tool=bestpractice.com此外,抗组胺药物还可用在合并荨麻疹或过敏性鼻炎的患者。
对于一小部分患者这种护理即可控制症状。[87]Simpson E, Dutronc Y. A new body moisturizer increases skin hydration and improves atopic dermatitis symptoms among children and adults. J Drugs Dermatol. 2011;10:744-749.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21720656?tool=bestpractice.com
第二代抗组胺药物(如非索非那定)已证实可减少成人特应性皮炎患者的瘙痒。在这些实验中,类胰蛋白酶低水平与瘙痒相关。[88]Kawakami T, Kaminishi K, Soma Y, et al. Oral antihistamine therapy influences plasma tryptase levels in adult atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci. 2006;43:127-134.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16843643?tool=bestpractice.com
多塞平是一种三环类抗抑郁药物,虽然仅有限的证据支持短期应用可缓解瘙痒,但其镇静作用也被用来缓解患者睡眠不安。[48]Eichenfield LF, Tom WL, Berger TG, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 2. Management and treatment of atopic dermatitis with topical therapies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71:116-132.http://www.jaad.org/article/S0190-9622(14)01257-2/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24813302?tool=bestpractice.com
已发现,特应性皮炎患者似乎更容易受到视觉刺激而引起瘙痒,特别是看到其他人在搔抓。[89]Papoiu AD, Wang H, Coghill RC, et al. Contagious itch in humans: a study of visual 'transmission' of itch in atopic dermatitis and healthy subjects. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164:1299-1303.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110738/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21410682?tool=bestpractice.com这一研究显示特应性皮炎患者在观看瘙痒视频时瘙痒症状和搔抓现象更严重,即使是模拟瘙痒的刺激。然而人类暴露在视觉刺激中更容易搔抓已被证实,而特应性皮炎患者的这一现象可能被放大。
抗生素治疗
抗生素仅在证实存在皮肤感染时使用。[90]Birnie AJ, Bath-Hextall FJ, Ravenscroft JC, et al. Interventions to reduce Staphylococcus aureus in the management of atopic eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(3):CD003871.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18646096?tool=bestpractice.com
写下行动计划
特应性皮炎患儿的父母或监护人可写下一系列说明,包括皮肤护理,沐浴方式及其他的对策以便帮助他们有效的管理孩子的皮肤疾病。那些父母可能因为孩子经历着慢性瘙痒和不适而失眠,并且想要让他们记住门诊就诊时所有被告知的内容是具有挑战性的。书面的治疗计划无法取代门诊时的患者教育。[91]Pickett K, Loveman E, Kalita N, et al. Educational interventions to improve quality of life in people with chronic inflammatory skin diseases: systematic reviews of clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. Health Technol Assess. 2015;19:1-176, v-vi.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK321887/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26502807?tool=bestpractice.com许多父母非常感激拥有可以在回家后帮助执行医生提供的护理和指导的说明书。[92]Chisolm SS, Taylor SL, Balkrishnan R, et al. Written action plans: potential for improving outcomes in children with atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59:677-683.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18513825?tool=bestpractice.com[93]de Bes J, Legierse CM, Prinsen CA, et al. Patient education in chronic skin diseases: a systematic review. Acta Derm Venereol. 2011;91:12-17.http://www.medicaljournals.se/acta/content/?doi=10.2340/00015555-1022&html=1http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21264451?tool=bestpractice.com