贲门失弛缓症可发生在任何年龄段;但是,个体发病的高峰是在60岁或70岁以后。男女的发病率相同。虽然在一些研究中女性发病更多,但是这可能是由于老年女性的数量较多所致。[1]Mayberry JF, Mayell MJ. Epidemiological study of achalasia in children. Gut. 1988;29:90-93.http://gut.bmj.com/content/29/1/90.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3343019?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Earlam RJ, Ellis FH Jr, Nobrega FT. Achalasia of the esophagus in a small urban community. Mayo Clin Proc. 1969;44:478-483.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5788257?tool=bestpractice.com
据报道,贲门失弛缓症的患病率和发病率存在地区、种族和时间差异。西方国家贲门失弛缓症的发病率为每年每 100,000 人中 0.4-1.6 例,[1]Mayberry JF, Mayell MJ. Epidemiological study of achalasia in children. Gut. 1988;29:90-93.http://gut.bmj.com/content/29/1/90.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3343019?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Earlam RJ, Ellis FH Jr, Nobrega FT. Achalasia of the esophagus in a small urban community. Mayo Clin Proc. 1969;44:478-483.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5788257?tool=bestpractice.com[3]Sadowski DC, Ackah F, Jiang B, et al. Achalasia: incidence, prevalence and survival. A population-based study. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2010;22:256-261.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20465592?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Mayberry JF, Atkinson M. Incidence of achalasia in New Zealand, 1980-1984: an epidemiological study based on hospital discharges. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1988;3:247-257.[5]Arber N, Grossman A, Lurie B, et al. Epidemiology of achalasia in central Israel: rarity of esophageal cancer. Dig Dis Sci. 1993;38:1920-1925.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8404415?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Birgisson S, Richter JE. Achalasia in Iceland, 1952-2002: an epidemiologic study. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52:1855-1860.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17420933?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Marlais M, Fishman JR, Fell JM, et al. UK incidence of achalasia: an 11-year national epidemiological study. Arch Dis Child. 2011;96:192-194.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20515971?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Mayberry JF, Atkinson M. Studies of incidence and prevalence of achalasia in the Nottingham area. Q J Med. 1985;56:451-456.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4048387?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Mayberry JF, Rhodes J. Achalasia in the city of Cardiff from 1926 to 1977. Digestion. 1980;20:248-252.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6967027?tool=bestpractice.com而患病率为每年每 100,000 人中 8.0-10.8 例。[3]Sadowski DC, Ackah F, Jiang B, et al. Achalasia: incidence, prevalence and survival. A population-based study. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2010;22:256-261.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20465592?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Arber N, Grossman A, Lurie B, et al. Epidemiology of achalasia in central Israel: rarity of esophageal cancer. Dig Dis Sci. 1993;38:1920-1925.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8404415?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Birgisson S, Richter JE. Achalasia in Iceland, 1952-2002: an epidemiologic study. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52:1855-1860.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17420933?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Mayberry JF, Atkinson M. Studies of incidence and prevalence of achalasia in the Nottingham area. Q J Med. 1985;56:451-456.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4048387?tool=bestpractice.com相比之下,韩国的发病率为每年每 100,000 人中 0.39 例,[10]Kim E, Lee H, Jung HK, et al. Achalasia in Korea: an epidemiologic study using a national healthcare database. J Korean Med Sci. 2014;29:576-580.http://jkms.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3346/jkms.2014.29.4.576http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24753707?tool=bestpractice.com津巴布韦每年每 100,000 人中 0.03 例,[11]Stein CM, Gelfand M, Taylor HG. Achalasia in Zimbabwean blacks. S Afr Med J. 1985;67:261-262.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3983775?tool=bestpractice.com新加坡每年每 100,000 人中 0.3 例。[12]Ho KY, Tay HH, Kang JY. A prospective study of the clinical features, manometric findings, incidence and prevalence of achalasia in Singapore. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;14:791-795.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10482430?tool=bestpractice.com在一些研究中,发病率或患病率随着时间的推移而增高。[3]Sadowski DC, Ackah F, Jiang B, et al. Achalasia: incidence, prevalence and survival. A population-based study. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2010;22:256-261.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20465592?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Marlais M, Fishman JR, Fell JM, et al. UK incidence of achalasia: an 11-year national epidemiological study. Arch Dis Child. 2011;96:192-194.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20515971?tool=bestpractice.com
在一些研究中,种族差异已受到高度关注,例如新西兰的一项研究表明太平洋岛民和毛利血统人的贲门失弛缓症的发病率比白种人高。[1]Mayberry JF, Mayell MJ. Epidemiological study of achalasia in children. Gut. 1988;29:90-93.http://gut.bmj.com/content/29/1/90.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3343019?tool=bestpractice.com新加坡的一项研究发现中国人和印度人比马来人更易患贲门失弛缓症。[12]Ho KY, Tay HH, Kang JY. A prospective study of the clinical features, manometric findings, incidence and prevalence of achalasia in Singapore. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999;14:791-795.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10482430?tool=bestpractice.com在美国,贲门失弛缓症在白人和有色人群中的发病率是相同的。[13]Sonnenberg A, Massey BT, McCarty DJ, et al. Epidemiology of hospitalization for achalasia in the United States. Dig Dis Sci. 1993;38:233-244.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8425436?tool=bestpractice.com贲门失弛缓症的发病率因地区和人种的不同而不同,这一现象提示环境因素和遗传因素在该病的发病过程中共同起作用。