贲门失弛缓症目前不能治愈,治疗方法主要是对症治疗以减轻吞咽困难。治疗目标主要是降低食管下端括约肌压力和改善食管排空。目前没有干预措施能够使食管蠕动恢复。虽然治疗后吞咽通常会有明显的改善,但是不可能完全恢复正常,而且患者只有直立时才能够吞咽。
治疗方法包括药物治疗、内镜治疗和手术治疗。每种治疗方法都有其各自的优点和缺点,治疗方法的选择取决于当地专家的意见和患者的偏好。根据临床情况的不同,选择不同的合适的治疗方式。最初的治疗往往取决于患者是否有手术适应证。所有需要球囊扩张的患者可以考虑进行手术治疗,同时,如果有必要,并发症也可以一起被手术治疗。[31]Vaezi MF, Pandolfino JE, Vela MF. ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis and management of achalasia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108:1238-1249.http://gi.org/guideline/diagnosis-and-management-of-achalasia/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23877351?tool=bestpractice.com扩张失败后可以考虑手术治疗,而且贲门肌切开术失败后球囊扩张也可能有效。[32]Vela MF, Richter JE, Wachsberger D, et al. Complexities of managing achalasia at a tertiary referral center: use of pneumatic dilatation, Heller myotomy, and botulinum toxin injection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:1029-1036.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15180721?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Spechler SJ. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on treatment of patients with dysphagia caused by benign disorders of the distal esophagus. Gastroenterology. 1999;117:229-232.http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(99)70572-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10381932?tool=bestpractice.com
对适宜手术的患者可行球囊扩张术。
许多消化病学家建议把球囊扩张作为一线治疗。这种疗法可以在患者镇静后于门诊完成。利用充气球囊通过机械伸展运动使食管下端括约肌的肌纤维撕裂。
最常用的球囊扩张器是Rigiflex(微创)扩张器和Witzel扩张器。Rigiflex扩张器是一种在荧光镜的引导下进行分级扩张的球囊扩张器。“不依赖于内镜”的Witzel球囊扩张器不需要荧光镜的引导。
一种分级的球囊扩张方法与使用大球囊扩张同样有效,而且其穿孔率更低。这种方法从最小的Rigiflex扩张器(直径30mm)开始,如果没有反应则在后续的部分使用更宽的球囊进行扩张。首次扩张的穿孔风险最高。[34]Borotto E, Gaudric M, Danel B, et al. Risk factors of oesophageal perforation during pneumatic dilatation for achalasia. Gut. 1996;39:9-12.http://gut.bmj.com/content/39/1/9.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8881799?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Zerbib F, Thetiot V, Richy F, et al. Repeated pneumatic dilations as long-term maintenance therapy for esophageal achalasia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:692-697.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16635216?tool=bestpractice.com在一项回顾性研究中,使用Witzel扩张器比Rigiflex扩张器更容易发生穿孔。[34]Borotto E, Gaudric M, Danel B, et al. Risk factors of oesophageal perforation during pneumatic dilatation for achalasia. Gut. 1996;39:9-12.http://gut.bmj.com/content/39/1/9.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8881799?tool=bestpractice.com但是,最近的一篇综述认为无论是否使用Rigiflex扩张器,球囊扩张所致穿孔的总概率均为2%。[36]Katzka DA, Castell DO. Review article: an analysis of the efficacy, perforation rates and methods used in pneumatic dilation for achalasia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34:832-839.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21848630?tool=bestpractice.com扩张或弯曲的食管、食管憩室或先前在胃食管交界处行手术的患者有更高的穿孔风险。大部分球囊扩张后穿孔的患者可以进行保守治疗。[37]Vanuytsel T, Lerut T, Coosemans W, et al. Conservative management of esophageal perforations during pneumatic dilation for idiopathic esophageal achalasia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10:142-149.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22064041?tool=bestpractice.com患者对Witzel球囊和Rigiflex球囊扩张初始反应良好的比例分别是66%和82%。[38]Kadakia SC, Wong RK. Pneumatic balloon dilation for esophageal achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001;11:325-346.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11319065?tool=bestpractice.com老年患者有更好的反应率。
一项研究发现,无论临床是否改善,在 84% 的病例中食管下括约肌仍保持完好无损,表明球囊扩张术的临床有效性并不是肌肉断裂的结果,而是食管下括约肌周向拉伸的结果。[39]Borhan-Manesh F, Kaviani MJ, Taghavi AR. The efficacy of balloon dilation in achalasia is the result of stretching of the lower esophageal sphincter, not muscular disruption. Dis Esophagus. 2016;29:262-266.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25765473?tool=bestpractice.com
单独的一次球囊扩张后的缓解率随时间的推移而降低(5年后为40%,10至15年后仅为36%)。[40]Eckardt VF, Gockel I, Bernhard G. Pneumatic dilation for achalasia: late results of a prospective follow up investigation. Gut. 2004;53:629-633.http://gut.bmj.com/content/53/5/629.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15082578?tool=bestpractice.com在一项回顾性研究中,反复球囊扩张(平均4次)可以使60%的患者在5~9年里达到临床缓解,使50%的患者在10~14年里达到临床缓解,也能够使40%的患者达到15年以上的临床缓解。[41]West RL, Hirsch DP, Bartelsman JF, et al. Long term results of pneumatic dilation in achalasia followed for more than 5 years. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:1346-1351.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12094848?tool=bestpractice.com
胃食管反流是球囊扩张的潜在不良反应,发生在4%~16%的球囊扩张术后的患者。这种反流通常比较温和,且抑酸治疗有效。
对适宜手术的患者可行腹腔镜下贲门肌切开术
手术切开食管下端括约肌的肌纤维可以使90%的患者的吞咽困难得到缓解。[42]Ali A, Pellegrini CA. Laparoscopic myotomy: technique and efficacy in treating achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001;11:347-358.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11319066?tool=bestpractice.com贲门肌切开术曾经是二线疗法,主要是针对那些球囊扩张术不成功或初始反应良好但症状复发的患者。微创腹腔镜下贲门肌切开术比开腹手术的并发症发生率低,它的出现使手术治疗成为一种更具吸引力的选择。超过80%的患者术后可以保持5年的症状缓解。[43]Zaninotto G, Costantini M, Molena D, et al. Treatment of esophageal achalasia with laparoscopic Heller myotomy and Dor partial anterior fundoplication: prospective evaluation of 100 consecutive patients. J Gastrointest Surg. 2000;4:282-289.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10769091?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Bonatti H, Hinder RA, Klocker J, et al. Long-term results of laparoscopic Heller myotomy with partial fundoplication for the treatment of achalasia. Am J Surg. 2005;190:874-878.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16307937?tool=bestpractice.com
一项1989年的研究指出,开腹贲门肌切开术比球囊扩张的5年症状缓解效果要好。[45]Csendes A, Braghetto I, Henriquez A, et al. Late results of a prospective randomized study comparing forceful dilatation and oesophagomyotomy in patients with achalasia. Gut. 1989;30:299-304.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2651226?tool=bestpractice.com两项其他的研究也认为腹腔镜下贲门肌切开术比球囊扩张的缓解率高。[46]Wang L, Li YM, Li L. Meta-analysis of randomized and controlled treatment trials for achalasia. Dig Dis Sci. 2009;54:2303-2311.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19107596?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Campos GM, Vittinghoff E, Rabl C, et al. Endoscopic and surgical treatments for achalasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2009;249:45-57.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19106675?tool=bestpractice.com然而,三项头对头的既有回顾性也有前瞻性的研究表明,这两种技术的结果相当。[48]Vela MF, Richter JE, Khandwala F, et al. The long-term efficacy of pneumatic dilatation and Heller myotomy for the treatment of achalasia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:580-587.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16630776?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Suárez J, Mearin F, Boque R, et al. Laparoscopic myotomy vs endoscopic dilation in the treatment of achalasia. Surg Endosc. 2002;16:75-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11961609?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Boeckxstaens GE, Annese V, Bruley des Varannes S, et al. The European achalasia trial: a randomized multi-centre trial comparing endoscopic pneumodilation and laparoscopic Heller myotomy as primary treatment of idiopathic achalasia. Gut. 2010;59(Suppl 3):A25.另一项单中心研究认为,1~3年后,腹腔镜下贲门肌切开术比球囊扩张的缓解率要高。[51]Kostic S, Kjellin A, Ruth M, et al. Pneumatic dilatation or laparoscopic cardiomyotomy in the management of newly diagnosed idiopathic achalasia. Results of a randomized controlled trial. World J Surg. 2007;31:470-488.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17308851?tool=bestpractice.com一项多中心随机对照研究表明,两年内高达3次的球囊扩张可以达到腹腔镜下贲门肌切开术的效果和安全性。[52]Boeckxstaens GE, Annese V, des Varannes SB, et al. Pneumatic dilation versus laparoscopic Heller's myotomy for idiopathic achalasia. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1807-1816.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1010502#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21561346?tool=bestpractice.com成功的球囊扩张术和Heller肌切开术相比:有高质量的证据支持球囊扩张术和Heller肌切开术在术后2年内有相似的疗效。成功的定义是从可能的最高 12 分的 Eckardt 评分(一种表明吞咽困难、反流和胸痛的频率以及体重下降范围的症状评分)降低至 3 分或以下。随访 1 年或随访 2 年 Eckardt 评分的平均分无明显差异。[52]Boeckxstaens GE, Annese V, des Varannes SB, et al. Pneumatic dilation versus laparoscopic Heller's myotomy for idiopathic achalasia. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1807-1816.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1010502#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21561346?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。然而,一项随访研究发现,两种治疗 5 年后的成功率无明显差异,尽管 25% 的已行球囊扩张术患者接受了重复扩张治疗。[53]Moonen A, Annese V, Belmans A, et al. Long-term results of the European achalasia trial: a multicentre randomised controlled trial comparing pneumatic dilation versus laparoscopic Heller myotomy. Gut. 2016;65:732-739.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26614104?tool=bestpractice.com在一项包含 53 名患者的较小规模随机研究中,比较了球囊扩张术与腹腔镜下贲门肌切开术,结果发现球囊扩张术所致的治疗失败发生率更高,特别是在前 3 年中。但是,手术组的直接医疗费用更高。[54]Persson J, Johnsson E, Kostic S, et al. Treatment of achalasia with laparoscopic myotomy or pneumatic dilatation: long-term results of a prospective, randomized study. World J Surg. 2015;39:713-720.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25409838?tool=bestpractice.com实际上,大部分接受球囊扩张的患者一生中要接受多次扩张以维持症状缓解。[36]Katzka DA, Castell DO. Review article: an analysis of the efficacy, perforation rates and methods used in pneumatic dilation for achalasia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34:832-839.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21848630?tool=bestpractice.com
一项研究结果表明,基于高分辨率食管测压来确定贲门失弛缓症的亚型有助于预测球囊扩张和贲门肌切开术哪一项治疗的预后更好。[55]Rohof WO, Salvador R, Annese V, et al. Outcomes of treatment for achalasia depend on manometric subtype. Gastroenterology. 2013;144:718-725.http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(12)01856-2/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23277105?tool=bestpractice.com对I型贲门失弛缓症的患者,这两种治疗有相似的成功率。II 型贲门失弛缓症患者对球囊扩张术或贲门肌切开术的治疗反应情况优于 I 型和 III 型患者,但球囊扩张术组的成功率明显更高。III 型贲门失弛缓症患者可能最好采用贲门肌切开术治疗。
手术失败经常与术后的胃食管反流有关。[56]Csendes A, Braghetto I, Burdiles P, et al. Very late results of esophagomyotomy for patients with achalasia: clinical, endoscopic, histologic, manometric, and acid reflux studies in 67 patients for a mean follow-up of 190 months. Ann Surg. 2006;243:196-203.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16432352?tool=bestpractice.com建议在行贲门肌切开术的同时进行抗反流的胃底折叠术以解决这一问题。其他的术后并发症占总病例的不足10%,包括黏膜撕裂、穿孔或术后渗漏。[57]Lake JM, Wong RK. Review article: the management of achalasia - a comparison of different treatment modalities. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;26:909-918.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16948803?tool=bestpractice.com前期的非手术干预看上去并不影响手术效果,但手术操作或许在技术上会更具挑战性。[32]Vela MF, Richter JE, Wachsberger D, et al. Complexities of managing achalasia at a tertiary referral center: use of pneumatic dilatation, Heller myotomy, and botulinum toxin injection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:1029-1036.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15180721?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Ali A, Pellegrini CA. Laparoscopic myotomy: technique and efficacy in treating achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001;11:347-358.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11319066?tool=bestpractice.com
药物治疗
药物治疗是确定治疗方案之前的早期治疗或是手术指征差的患者的一线治疗。[57]Lake JM, Wong RK. Review article: the management of achalasia - a comparison of different treatment modalities. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;26:909-918.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16948803?tool=bestpractice.com钙离子通道阻滞剂(如硝苯地平或维拉帕米)或硝酸盐类药物可以降低食管括约肌静息态或平均压力。[58]Triadafilopoulos G, Aaronson M, Sackel S, et al. Medical treatment of esophageal achalasia: double-blind crossover study with oral nifedipine, verapamil, and placebo. Dig Dis Sci. 1991;36:260-267.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1995258?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Gelfond M, Rozen P, Gilat T. Isosorbide dinitrate and nifedipine treatment of achalasia: a clinical, manometric and radionuclide evaluation. Gastroenterology. 1982;83:963-969.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6288509?tool=bestpractice.com[60]Rozen P, Gelfond M, Salzman S, et al. Radionuclide confirmation of the therapeutic value of isosorbide dinitrate in relieving the dysphagia in achalasia. Journal Clin Gastroenterol. 1982;4:17-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7077059?tool=bestpractice.com通过钙离子通道阻滞剂治疗来降低食管压力,降低食管收缩振幅和临床症状:有中等质量的证据支持钙离子通道阻滞剂降低食管括约肌的平均压力,只有硝苯地平影响食管收缩的振幅,而且没有药物对临床症状产生影响。[59]Gelfond M, Rozen P, Gilat T. Isosorbide dinitrate and nifedipine treatment of achalasia: a clinical, manometric and radionuclide evaluation. Gastroenterology. 1982;83:963-969.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6288509?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。有报道称药物治疗可不同程度地改善吞咽困难和胸痛评分。[58]Triadafilopoulos G, Aaronson M, Sackel S, et al. Medical treatment of esophageal achalasia: double-blind crossover study with oral nifedipine, verapamil, and placebo. Dig Dis Sci. 1991;36:260-267.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1995258?tool=bestpractice.com舌下含服硝酸异山梨酯比口服硝苯地平作用更强也更快。硝酸异山梨酯被认为有助于改善食管排空。尽管硝酸盐类药物可能更有效,但是它们的耐受性不好,所以经常被硝苯地平所取代。[59]Gelfond M, Rozen P, Gilat T. Isosorbide dinitrate and nifedipine treatment of achalasia: a clinical, manometric and radionuclide evaluation. Gastroenterology. 1982;83:963-969.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6288509?tool=bestpractice.com长期使用之后,患者或许会对以上任何一种药物的疗效都产生耐药。
对不适宜手术的患者可使用肉毒素治疗
肉毒素抑制乙酰胆碱从神经末梢释放,降低贲门失弛缓症患者抑制性神经传导物质的选择性缺失带来的影响。内镜下向食管下括约肌注射肉毒素可以降低括约肌压力并改善吞咽困难、反流和胸痛的症状。[61]Annese V, Bassotti G, Coccia G, et al; GISMAD Achalasia Study Group. A multicentre randomised study of intrasphincteric botulinum toxin in patients with esophageal achalasia. Gut. 2000;46:597-600.http://gut.bmj.com/content/46/5/597.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10764700?tool=bestpractice.com
注射肉毒素治疗在缓解症状上可以达到球囊扩张同样的疗效,但效果持续时间短。[62]Vaezi MF, Richter JE, Wilcox CM, et al. Botulinum toxin versus pneumatic dilatation in the treatment of achalasia: a randomised trial. Gut. 1999;44:231-239.http://gut.bmj.com/content/44/2/231.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9895383?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Leyden JE, Moss AC, MacMathuna P. Endoscopic pneumatic dilation versus botulinum toxin injection in the management of primary achalasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD005046.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005046.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25485740?tool=bestpractice.com老年患者比年轻患者的效果好,而且肉毒素治疗对不能承受侵入性治疗和不能耐受药物治疗的患者是有效的。初始反应的有效率超过了80%,然而,即使给予反复治疗,两年后有效率依然降至了68%~75%。[62]Vaezi MF, Richter JE, Wilcox CM, et al. Botulinum toxin versus pneumatic dilatation in the treatment of achalasia: a randomised trial. Gut. 1999;44:231-239.http://gut.bmj.com/content/44/2/231.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9895383?tool=bestpractice.com反复注射的疗效会减弱,因为有抗肉毒素抗体的形成。[64]Hoogerwerf WA, Pasricha PJ. Pharmacologic therapy in treating achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001;11:311-324.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11319064?tool=bestpractice.com
意外的是,美国数据库研究报道,肉毒素注射治疗在一线内镜治疗贲门失弛缓症中最常见,占到了41%的病例,而球囊扩张仅占25%,这与标准的指南不符。[65]Enestvedt BK, Williams JL, Sonnenberg A. Epidemiology and practice patterns of achalasia in a large multi-centre database. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;33:1209-1214.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21480936?tool=bestpractice.com当诊断贲门失弛缓症尚不确定时,肉毒素注射可以作为一种诊断方法来使用。
治疗后病情进展的患者
对于虚弱的老年患者,胃造瘘术可以使他们能够进食。[33]Spechler SJ. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on treatment of patients with dysphagia caused by benign disorders of the distal esophagus. Gastroenterology. 1999;117:229-232.http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(99)70572-X/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10381932?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Gomes CA Jr, Andriolo RB, Bennett C, et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy versus nasogastric tube feeding for adults with swallowing disturbances. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(5):CD008096.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008096.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25997528?tool=bestpractice.com对于终末期疾病患者,食管切除术并不常用。[67]Duranceau A, Liberman M, Martin J, et al. End-stage achalasia. Dis Esophagus. 2012;25:319-330.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21166740?tool=bestpractice.com