贲门失弛缓症

Park W, Vaezi MF. Etiology and pathogenesis of achalasia: the current understanding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:1404-1414.

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Eckardt VF. Clinical presentations and complications of achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001;11:281-292.

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Boeckxstaens GE, Annese V, des Varannes SB, et al. Pneumatic dilation versus laparoscopic Heller's myotomy for idiopathic achalasia. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1807-1816.

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1.  Mayberry JF, Mayell MJ. Epidemiological study of achalasia in children. Gut. 1988;29:90-93.

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15.  Kaar TK, Waldron R, Ashraf MS, et al. Familial infantile esophageal achalasia. Arch Dis Child. 1991;66:1353-1354.

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16.  Park W, Vaezi MF. Etiology and pathogenesis of achalasia: the current understanding. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:1404-1414.

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17.  Wouters MM, Lambrechts D, Becker J, et al. Genetic variation in the lymphotoxin-α (LTA)/tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) locus as a risk factor for idiopathic achalasia. Gut. 2014;63:1401-1409.

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18.  Blam ME, Delfyett W, Levine MS, et al. Achalasia: a disease of varied and subtle symptoms that do not correlate with radiographic findings. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:1916-1923.

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19.  Eckardt VF. Clinical presentations and complications of achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001;11:281-292.

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20.  Kopelman Y, Triadafilopoulos G. Endoscopy in the diagnosis and management of motility disorders. Dig Dis Sci. 2011;56:635-654.

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21.  Spechler SJ, Castell DO. Classification of esophageal motility abnormalities. Gut. 2001;49:145-151.

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23.  Fox M. Multiple rapid swallowing in idiopathic achalasia: from conventional to high resolution manometry. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2007;19:780-781.

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24.  Pandolfino JE, Kwiatek MA, Nealis T, et al. Achalasia: a new clinically relevant classification by high-resolution manometry. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:1526-1533.

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25.  Mariani G, Boni G, Barreca M, et al. Radionuclide gastroesophageal motor studies. J Nucl Med. 2004;45:1004-1028.

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26.  Kostic SV, Rice TW, Baker ME, et al. Timed barium esophagogram: a simple physiologic assessment for achalasia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000;120:935-946.

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27.  Andersson M, Kostic S, Ruth M, et al. Characteristics of timed barium esophagogram in newly diagnosed idiopathic achalasia: clinical and manometric correlates. Acta Radiol. 2007;48:2-9.

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28.  Camacho-Lobato L, Katz PO, Eveland J, et al. Vigorous achalasia: original description requires minor change. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2001;33:375-377.

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29.  Fox M, Hebbard G, Janiak P, et al. High-resolution manometry predicts the success of oesophageal bolus transport and identifies clinically important abnormalities not detected by conventional manometry. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2004;16:533-542.

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30.  Gockel I, Eckardt VF, Schmitt T, et al. Pseudoachalasia: a case series and analysis of the literature. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005;40:378-385.

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31.  Vaezi MF, Pandolfino JE, Vela MF. ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis and management of achalasia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108:1238-1249.

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32.  Vela MF, Richter JE, Wachsberger D, et al. Complexities of managing achalasia at a tertiary referral center: use of pneumatic dilatation, Heller myotomy, and botulinum toxin injection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99:1029-1036.

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33.  Spechler SJ. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on treatment of patients with dysphagia caused by benign disorders of the distal esophagus. Gastroenterology. 1999;117:229-232.

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34.  Borotto E, Gaudric M, Danel B, et al. Risk factors of oesophageal perforation during pneumatic dilatation for achalasia. Gut. 1996;39:9-12.

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35.  Zerbib F, Thetiot V, Richy F, et al. Repeated pneumatic dilations as long-term maintenance therapy for esophageal achalasia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:692-697.

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36.  Katzka DA, Castell DO. Review article: an analysis of the efficacy, perforation rates and methods used in pneumatic dilation for achalasia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34:832-839.

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37.  Vanuytsel T, Lerut T, Coosemans W, et al. Conservative management of esophageal perforations during pneumatic dilation for idiopathic esophageal achalasia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10:142-149.

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38.  Kadakia SC, Wong RK. Pneumatic balloon dilation for esophageal achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001;11:325-346.

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39.  Borhan-Manesh F, Kaviani MJ, Taghavi AR. The efficacy of balloon dilation in achalasia is the result of stretching of the lower esophageal sphincter, not muscular disruption. Dis Esophagus. 2016;29:262-266.

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40.  Eckardt VF, Gockel I, Bernhard G. Pneumatic dilation for achalasia: late results of a prospective follow up investigation. Gut. 2004;53:629-633.

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41.  West RL, Hirsch DP, Bartelsman JF, et al. Long term results of pneumatic dilation in achalasia followed for more than 5 years. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:1346-1351.

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42.  Ali A, Pellegrini CA. Laparoscopic myotomy: technique and efficacy in treating achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001;11:347-358.

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43.  Zaninotto G, Costantini M, Molena D, et al. Treatment of esophageal achalasia with laparoscopic Heller myotomy and Dor partial anterior fundoplication: prospective evaluation of 100 consecutive patients. J Gastrointest Surg. 2000;4:282-289.

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44.  Bonatti H, Hinder RA, Klocker J, et al. Long-term results of laparoscopic Heller myotomy with partial fundoplication for the treatment of achalasia. Am J Surg. 2005;190:874-878.

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45.  Csendes A, Braghetto I, Henriquez A, et al. Late results of a prospective randomized study comparing forceful dilatation and oesophagomyotomy in patients with achalasia. Gut. 1989;30:299-304.

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46.  Wang L, Li YM, Li L. Meta-analysis of randomized and controlled treatment trials for achalasia. Dig Dis Sci. 2009;54:2303-2311.

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47.  Campos GM, Vittinghoff E, Rabl C, et al. Endoscopic and surgical treatments for achalasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2009;249:45-57.

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48.  Vela MF, Richter JE, Khandwala F, et al. The long-term efficacy of pneumatic dilatation and Heller myotomy for the treatment of achalasia. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:580-587.

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49.  Suárez J, Mearin F, Boque R, et al. Laparoscopic myotomy vs endoscopic dilation in the treatment of achalasia. Surg Endosc. 2002;16:75-77.

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50.  Boeckxstaens GE, Annese V, Bruley des Varannes S, et al. The European achalasia trial: a randomized multi-centre trial comparing endoscopic pneumodilation and laparoscopic Heller myotomy as primary treatment of idiopathic achalasia. Gut. 2010;59(Suppl 3):A25.

51.  Kostic S, Kjellin A, Ruth M, et al. Pneumatic dilatation or laparoscopic cardiomyotomy in the management of newly diagnosed idiopathic achalasia. Results of a randomized controlled trial. World J Surg. 2007;31:470-488.

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52.  Boeckxstaens GE, Annese V, des Varannes SB, et al. Pneumatic dilation versus laparoscopic Heller's myotomy for idiopathic achalasia. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1807-1816.

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53.  Moonen A, Annese V, Belmans A, et al. Long-term results of the European achalasia trial: a multicentre randomised controlled trial comparing pneumatic dilation versus laparoscopic Heller myotomy. Gut. 2016;65:732-739.

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54.  Persson J, Johnsson E, Kostic S, et al. Treatment of achalasia with laparoscopic myotomy or pneumatic dilatation: long-term results of a prospective, randomized study. World J Surg. 2015;39:713-720.

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55.  Rohof WO, Salvador R, Annese V, et al. Outcomes of treatment for achalasia depend on manometric subtype. Gastroenterology. 2013;144:718-725.

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56.  Csendes A, Braghetto I, Burdiles P, et al. Very late results of esophagomyotomy for patients with achalasia: clinical, endoscopic, histologic, manometric, and acid reflux studies in 67 patients for a mean follow-up of 190 months. Ann Surg. 2006;243:196-203.

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57.  Lake JM, Wong RK. Review article: the management of achalasia - a comparison of different treatment modalities. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;26:909-918.

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58.  Triadafilopoulos G, Aaronson M, Sackel S, et al. Medical treatment of esophageal achalasia: double-blind crossover study with oral nifedipine, verapamil, and placebo. Dig Dis Sci. 1991;36:260-267.

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59.  Gelfond M, Rozen P, Gilat T. Isosorbide dinitrate and nifedipine treatment of achalasia: a clinical, manometric and radionuclide evaluation. Gastroenterology. 1982;83:963-969.

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60.  Rozen P, Gelfond M, Salzman S, et al. Radionuclide confirmation of the therapeutic value of isosorbide dinitrate in relieving the dysphagia in achalasia. Journal Clin Gastroenterol. 1982;4:17-22.

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61.  Annese V, Bassotti G, Coccia G, et al; GISMAD Achalasia Study Group. A multicentre randomised study of intrasphincteric botulinum toxin in patients with esophageal achalasia. Gut. 2000;46:597-600.

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62.  Vaezi MF, Richter JE, Wilcox CM, et al. Botulinum toxin versus pneumatic dilatation in the treatment of achalasia: a randomised trial. Gut. 1999;44:231-239.

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63.  Leyden JE, Moss AC, MacMathuna P. Endoscopic pneumatic dilation versus botulinum toxin injection in the management of primary achalasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD005046.

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64.  Hoogerwerf WA, Pasricha PJ. Pharmacologic therapy in treating achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001;11:311-324.

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65.  Enestvedt BK, Williams JL, Sonnenberg A. Epidemiology and practice patterns of achalasia in a large multi-centre database. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;33:1209-1214.

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66.  Gomes CA Jr, Andriolo RB, Bennett C, et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy versus nasogastric tube feeding for adults with swallowing disturbances. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(5):CD008096.

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67.  Duranceau A, Liberman M, Martin J, et al. End-stage achalasia. Dis Esophagus. 2012;25:319-330.

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68.  Ferulano GP, Dilillo S, D'Ambra M, et al. Short and long term results of the laparoscopic Heller-Dor myotomy. The influence of age and previous conservative therapies. Surg Endosc. 2007;21:2017-2023.

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69.  Patti MG, Pellegrini CA, Horgan S, et al. Minimally invasive surgery for achalasia: an 8-year experience with 168 patients. Ann Surg. 1999;230:587-593; discussion 593-594.

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70.  Wehrmann T, Kokabpick H, Jacobi V, et al. Long-term results of endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin in elderly achalasic patients with tortuous megaesophagus or epiphrenic diverticulum. Endoscopy. 1999;31:352-358.

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71.  Mikaeli J, Bishehsari F, Montazeri G, et al. Injection of botulinum toxin before pneumatic dilatation in achalasia treatment: a randomized-controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;24:983-989.

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72.  Annese V, Bassotti G, Coccia G, et al; the GISMAD Achalasia Study Group. Comparison of two different formulations of botulinum toxin A for the treatment of esophageal achalasia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1999;13:1347-1350.

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73.  von Renteln D, Inoue H, Minami H, et al. Peroral endoscopic myotomy for the treatment of achalasia: a prospective single center study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107:411-417.

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74.  Frankhuisen R, van Herwaarden MA, Heijkoop R, et al. Persisting symptoms and decreased health-related quality-of-life in a cross-sectional study of treated achalasia patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007;26:899-904.

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75.  Brucher BL, Stein HJ, Bartels H, et al. Achalasia and esophageal cancer: incidence, prevalence, and prognosis. World J Surg. 2001;25:745-749.

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76.  Zendehdel K, Nyrén O, Edberg A, et al. Risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma in achalasia patients, a retrospective cohort study in Sweden. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106:57-61.

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77.  Dunaway PM, Wong RK. Risk and surveillance intervals for squamous cell carcinoma in achalasia. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2001;11:425-434.

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78.  Ravi K, Geno DM, Katzka DA. Esophageal cancer screening in achalasia: is there a consensus? Dis Esophagus. 2015;28:299-304.

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