骨髓组织增生性病症 (MPD) 在 50% 的患者中是主要的促凝血疾病。[18]Janssen HL, Meinardi JR, Vleggaar FP, et al. Factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin gene mutation, and deficiencies in coagulation inhibitors associated with Budd-Chiari syndrome and portal vein thrombosis: results of a case-control study. Blood. 2000;96:2364-2368.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/96/7/2364.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11001884?tool=bestpractice.com真性红细胞增多症见于 10% 至 40% 的患者中,而原发性血小板增多症和骨髓纤维化是发生率较低的病因。[19]Denninger MH, Chaït Y, Casadevall N, et al. Cause of portal or hepatic venous thrombosis in adults: the role of multiple concurrent factors. Hepatology. 2000;31:587-591.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10706547?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Valla D, Casadevall N, Lacombe C, et al. Primary myeloproliferative disorder and hepatic vein thrombosis: a prospective study of erythroid colony formation in vitro in 20 patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103:329-334.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4026081?tool=bestpractice.com
易栓疾病是紧随其后的最常见BCS 病因。约 30% 的患者存在因子 V Leiden 突变。[18]Janssen HL, Meinardi JR, Vleggaar FP, et al. Factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin gene mutation, and deficiencies in coagulation inhibitors associated with Budd-Chiari syndrome and portal vein thrombosis: results of a case-control study. Blood. 2000;96:2364-2368.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/96/7/2364.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11001884?tool=bestpractice.com其他遗传性易栓疾病包括凝血酶原因子突变、亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶突变、蛋白 C 和 S 缺乏及抗凝血酶 III 缺乏、纤维蛋白溶酶原缺乏以及 TT677 MTHFR 基因型。[19]Denninger MH, Chaït Y, Casadevall N, et al. Cause of portal or hepatic venous thrombosis in adults: the role of multiple concurrent factors. Hepatology. 2000;31:587-591.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10706547?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Mohanty D, Shetty S, Ghosh K, et al. Hereditary thrombophilia as a cause of Budd-Chiari syndrome: a study from western India. Hepatology. 2001;34:666-670.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1053/jhep.2001.27948/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11584361?tool=bestpractice.com
其他病因包括阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿(12% 的患者)、抗磷脂综合征、[22]Espinosa G, Font J, Garcia-Pagan JC, et al. Budd-Chiari syndrome secondary to antiphospholipid syndrome: clinical and immunologic characteristics of 43 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2001;80:345-354.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11704712?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Levine JS, Branch DW, Rauch J. The antiphospholipid syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:752-763.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11882732?tool=bestpractice.com高同型半胱氨酸血症、Behcet 综合征、嗜酸细胞增多征、肉芽肿性小静脉炎和溃疡性结肠炎。[1]DeLeve LD, Valla DC, Garcia-Tsao G; American Association for the Study Liver Diseases. Vascular disorders of the liver. Hepatology. 2009;49:1729-1764.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.22772/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19399912?tool=bestpractice.com
与易栓缺陷杂合性或纯合性相关的口服避孕药使用被视为 BCS 的一种危险因素。[24]Minnema MC, Janssen HL, Niermeijer P, et al. Budd-Chiari syndrome: combination of genetic defects and the use of oral contraceptives leading to hypercoagulability. J Hepatol. 2000;33:509-512.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11020010?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Valla D, Le MG, Poynard T, et al. Risk of hepatic vein thrombosis in relation to recent use of oral contraceptives: a case-control study. Gastroenterology. 1986;90:807-811.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3949113?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Samborek M, Drosdzol A, Stojko R, et al. Budd-Chiari syndrome induced by hormonal oral contraception in the patient with congenital thrombophilia-factor V Leiden mutation - a case report. Ginekol Pol. 2008;79:702-705.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19058526?tool=bestpractice.com
妊娠及产后早期与激素变化、下腔静脉 (IVC) 压迫和生理性血纤维蛋白原过多相关,易发生 BCS。[5]Mitchell MC, Boitnott JK, Kaufman S, et al. Budd-Chiari syndrome: etiology, diagnosis and management. Medicine (Baltimore). 1982;61:199-218.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7045569?tool=bestpractice.com
IVC 血栓形成的病因可能为凝血因子缺乏和骨髓组织增生性疾病等高凝状态,但更常为特发性病因。该病在尼泊尔较为流行且疑似与感染相关。[17]Okuda K. Inferior vena cava thrombosis at its hepatic portion (obliterative hepatocavopathy). Semin Liver Dis. 2002;22:15-26.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11928076?tool=bestpractice.com
在儿童中,梗阻主要发生于肝上下腔静脉水平。病因尚不明确,因为尚未对潜在血栓前疾病进行常规检查。不过,存在孤立的病例报告指出其与因子 V Leiden 或凝血酶原基因突变、抗磷脂综合征或乳糜泻疾病相关。[1]DeLeve LD, Valla DC, Garcia-Tsao G; American Association for the Study Liver Diseases. Vascular disorders of the liver. Hepatology. 2009;49:1729-1764.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.22772/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19399912?tool=bestpractice.com
继发性 BCS 可能因静脉腔受到脓肿、肿瘤、创伤或囊肿的外部压迫或侵犯而致。中央的局灶性结节性增生的大结节可能导致肝静脉受到压迫。在肝切除或移植后肝静脉可能受到压迫或发生扭结。钝性腹部创伤后,可能会因肝内血肿压迫、创伤相关下腔静脉血栓形成或肝脏通过破裂膈形成疝而发生 BCS。[1]DeLeve LD, Valla DC, Garcia-Tsao G; American Association for the Study Liver Diseases. Vascular disorders of the liver. Hepatology. 2009;49:1729-1764.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.22772/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19399912?tool=bestpractice.com