若不经治疗,BCS 的报告死亡率为 80%。[12]Valla DC. The diagnosis and management of the Budd-Chiari syndrome: consensus and controversies. Hepatology. 2003;38:793-803.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14512865?tool=bestpractice.com不过,在过去数十年中,预后已得到显著改善。原因在于该疾病诊断和治疗方面有所进步并出现新方法。已间或报道了自发消退的情况,多达[16]Mahmoud AE, Mendoza A, Meshikhes AN, et al. Clinical spectrum, investigations and treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome. QJM. 1996;89:37-43.http://qjmed.oxfordjournals.org/content/89/1/37.full.pdf+htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8730341?tool=bestpractice.com 25% 的患者仍无症状。[71]Bismuth H, Sherlock DJ. Portasystemic shunting versus liver transplantation for the Budd Chiari syndrome. Ann Surg. 1991;214:581-589.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1358614/pdf/annsurg00153-0051.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1953111?tool=bestpractice.com
生存决定因素
肝性脑病、腹水、凝血酶原时间和胆红素是独立的生存决定因素。结合这些因素的预后分类确定了 3 类患者(I-III 类):[8]Murad SD, Valla DC, de Groen PC, et al. Determinants of survival and the effect of portosystemic shunting in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome. Hepatology. 2004;39:500-508.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14768004?tool=bestpractice.com
以出现 (1) 或未出现 (0) 对腹水和肝性脑病进行评分
以高于 (1) 或低于 (0) 2.3 INR 对凝血酶原时间进行评分。
胆红素作为连续变量包含在内,每增加 µmol/L 风险升高 0.004。
I 类表示总分为 0 至 1.1,II 类表示总分为 1.1 至 1.5,III 类表示总分为 1.5 或更高。
I 类(良好)5 年生存率为 89%,II 类(中等)为 74%,III 类(不良)为 42%。
相关门静脉血栓形成 (PVT)
PVT 与 BCS 患者预后较差有相关性。[72]Mahmoud AE, Elias E, Beauchamp N, et al. Prevalence of the factor V Leiden mutation in hepatic and portal vein thrombosis. Gut. 1997;40:798-800.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1027208/pdf/gut00039-0112.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9245936?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Darwish Murad S, Valla DC, de Groen PC, et al. Pathogenesis and treatment of Budd-Chiari syndrome combined with portal vein thrombosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:83-90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16405538?tool=bestpractice.com PVT 患者的平均生存率为 1 个月,与之相比无 PVT 患者为 6.3 年。[72]Mahmoud AE, Elias E, Beauchamp N, et al. Prevalence of the factor V Leiden mutation in hepatic and portal vein thrombosis. Gut. 1997;40:798-800.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1027208/pdf/gut00039-0112.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9245936?tool=bestpractice.com
阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿 (PNH)
已发现有潜在 PNH 的BCS患者死亡率较高。[74]Hillmen P, Lewis SM, Bessler M, et al. Natural history of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. New Engl J Med. 1995;333:1253-1259.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199511093331904#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7566002?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Socie G, Mary JY, de Gramont A, et al. Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria: long term follow-up and prognostic factors. Lancet. 1996;348:573-577.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8774569?tool=bestpractice.com该疾病病因不详。
特异性治疗后
药物治疗
据报告,在一项回顾性研究中单独药物治疗(无介入或手术治疗)的死亡率较高,6 个月时为 86%,2 年生存率为 9%。[76]McCarthy PM, van Heerden JA, Adson MA, et al. The Budd-Chiari syndrome: medical and surgical management of 30 patients. Arch Surg. 1985;120:657-662.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4004551?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Ahn SS, Yellin A, Sheng FC, et al. Selective surgical therapy of the Budd-Chiari syndrome provides superior survivor rates than conservative medical management. J Vasc Surg. 1987;5:28-37.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3795390?tool=bestpractice.com
肝静脉和/或下腔静脉 (IVC) 血管成形术
在 56% 的患者中单一血管成形术(±溶栓治疗)成功。[78]Zhang CQ, Fu LN, Xu L, et al. Long-term effect of stent placement in 115 patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. 2003;9:2587-2591.http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/9/2587.asphttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14606103?tool=bestpractice.com
血管支架成形术长期畅通率可达 80% 至 90%(长达 12 年,无需进行再介入治疗)。[78]Zhang CQ, Fu LN, Xu L, et al. Long-term effect of stent placement in 115 patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. 2003;9:2587-2591.http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/9/2587.asphttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14606103?tool=bestpractice.com但是,在这些病例中 50% 需要随后进行血管成形术。[78]Zhang CQ, Fu LN, Xu L, et al. Long-term effect of stent placement in 115 patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. 2003;9:2587-2591.http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/9/2587.asphttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14606103?tool=bestpractice.com
经颈静脉肝内门体静脉分流术 (TIPS)
TIPS 后一年、5 年和 10 年生存率分别为 90%、84% 和 80%。[79]Garcia-Pagán JC, Heydtmann M, Raffa S, et al. TIPS for Budd-Chiari syndrome: long-term results and prognostics factors in 124 patients. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:808-815.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18621047?tool=bestpractice.com
据报道,在 36% 至 72% 接受过 TIPS 的患者中进行了支架再植入术或扩张术的再介入治疗。[80]Perelló A, García-Pagán JC, Gilabert R, et al. TIPS is a useful long-term derivative therapy for patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome uncontrolled by medical therapy. Hepatology. 2002;35:132-139.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1053/jhep.2002.30274/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11786969?tool=bestpractice.com
手术分流
手术分流后的五年生存率为 75% 至 94%,在 IVC 通畅患者中更高。[80]Perelló A, García-Pagán JC, Gilabert R, et al. TIPS is a useful long-term derivative therapy for patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome uncontrolled by medical therapy. Hepatology. 2002;35:132-139.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1053/jhep.2002.30274/pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11786969?tool=bestpractice.com
在 Child-Pugh A 级和潜在病因(如原发性血小板增多症)的长期结局较好的患者中观察到的手术转归更佳。[39]Menon KV, Shah V, Kamath PS. The Budd-Chiari syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:578-585.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14762185?tool=bestpractice.com
肝移植
经过肝移植手术的 BCS 患者中,五年生存率为 50% 至 95%,[81]Schattenfroh N, Bechstein WO, Blumhardt G, et al. Liver transplantation for PNH with Budd-Chiari syndrome: a case report. Transpl Int. 1993;6:354-358.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8297467?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Slakey DP, Klein AS, Venbrux AC, et al. Budd-Chiari syndrome: current management options. Ann Surg. 2001;233:522-527.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1421281/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11303134?tool=bestpractice.com通常低于移植的许多其他病因。在近期的欧洲队列中,在进行原位肝移植的情况下 5 年生存率为 71.4%。[83]Mentha G, Giostra E, Majno PE, et al. Liver transplantation for Budd-Chiari syndrome: a European study on 248 patients from 51 centres. J Hepatol. 2006;44:520-528.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16427719?tool=bestpractice.com
肝移植术后并发症包括门静脉和肝动脉血栓形成,发生在 12% 的患者中。[84]Knoop M, Lemmens HP, Langrehr JM, et al. Liver transplantation for Budd-Chiari syndrome. Transplant Proc. 1994;26:3577-3578.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7998279?tool=bestpractice.com据报道,与抗凝治疗相关的出血并发症出现在 40% 的患者中。[85]Smalberg JH, Darwish Murad S, Braakman E, et al. Myeloproliferative disease in the pathogenesis and survival of Budd-Chiari syndrome. Haematologica. 2006;91:1712-1713.http://www.haematologica.org/content/haematol/91/12/1712.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17145613?tool=bestpractice.com
据报道,尽管进行了抗凝治疗,仍有 2/7 的移植受者 BCS 复发。[85]Smalberg JH, Darwish Murad S, Braakman E, et al. Myeloproliferative disease in the pathogenesis and survival of Budd-Chiari syndrome. Haematologica. 2006;91:1712-1713.http://www.haematologica.org/content/haematol/91/12/1712.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17145613?tool=bestpractice.com