诊断原发性血小板增多症后,患者需要规律随访PLT计数、生活方式改变(戒烟、控制体重)以降低已存并发症的风险和严重程度。[4]Harrison CN, Bareford D, Butt N, et al; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guideline for investigation and management of adults and children presenting with a thrombocytosis. Br J Haematol. 2010;149:352-375.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08122.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20331456?tool=bestpractice.com
正在进行的疾病和并发症的危险分层是根据血小板数量、患者年龄、是否存在血栓/出血并发症、心血管危险因素、家族性易栓症或JAK2等位基因负荷(存在JAK2基因突变时)来确定的,分为低中高三级。妊娠妇女需要特殊处理以预防并发症。[4]Harrison CN, Bareford D, Butt N, et al; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guideline for investigation and management of adults and children presenting with a thrombocytosis. Br J Haematol. 2010;149:352-375.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08122.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20331456?tool=bestpractice.com
甚至低危的患者也可以有轻度的血管收缩舒张症状或存在出血/血栓,但更多见于高危组患者。
需要对所有患者筛查高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病,需询问吸烟史。任何心血管危险因素都要积极处理。如果没有禁忌,绝大多数患者需要口服阿司匹林。
药物治疗方案包括持续性抗血小板及骨髓抑制治疗,当出现出血/血栓事件时则需要紧急实行血小板分离置换术。[4]Harrison CN, Bareford D, Butt N, et al; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guideline for investigation and management of adults and children presenting with a thrombocytosis. Br J Haematol. 2010;149:352-375.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08122.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20331456?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Dahabreh IJ, Zoi K, Giannouli S, et al. Is JAK2 V617F mutation more than a diagnostic index? A meta-analysis of clinical outcomes in essential thrombocythemia. Leuk Res. 2009;33:67-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18632151?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Squizzato A, Romualdi E, Passamonti F, et al. Antiplatelet drugs for polycythaemia vera and essential thrombocythaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(4):CD006503.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006503.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23633335?tool=bestpractice.com治疗应根据危险因素的不同而个体化。[15]Tefferi A, Barbui T. Personalized management of essential thrombocythemia - application of recent evidence to clinical practice. Leukemia. 2013;27:1617-1620.http://www.nature.com/leu/journal/v27/n8/full/leu201399a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23558521?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Beer PA, Erber WN, Campbell PJ, et al. How I treat essential thrombocythemia. Blood. 2011;117:1472-1482.http://bloodjournal.org/content/117/5/1472.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21106990?tool=bestpractice.com
低、中危组
低、中危组患者没有高危因素、一般无症状。患者年龄也可用于确定危险分层,如年龄 <40 岁为低风险组,年龄于 40-60 岁为中风险组。通常对于低、中危组不需要药物治疗。[4]Harrison CN, Bareford D, Butt N, et al; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guideline for investigation and management of adults and children presenting with a thrombocytosis. Br J Haematol. 2010;149:352-375.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08122.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20331456?tool=bestpractice.com根据目前的研究数据,对于没有血栓病史、无心血管危险因素、无JAK-2 V617F突变的无症状年轻患者可以仅观察。当PLT>1000*10^9/L(>1,000,000/uL)时这些患者避免用阿司匹林,因为阿司匹林可能加重出血的风险。[15]Tefferi A, Barbui T. Personalized management of essential thrombocythemia - application of recent evidence to clinical practice. Leukemia. 2013;27:1617-1620.http://www.nature.com/leu/journal/v27/n8/full/leu201399a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23558521?tool=bestpractice.com
但低、中危组出现血管收缩舒张症状,如头痛、肢端缺血、红斑肢痛病、网状青斑时,为降低血栓风险,口服阿司匹林足够。因为预后通常良好,应用细胞毒性药物降低PLT数量需要谨慎且仅在需要时进行。
每天一次的口服阿司匹林对于年轻或者低危的ET患者存在微血管症状、心血管风险、JAK2V617F突变时也可以应用。[15]Tefferi A, Barbui T. Personalized management of essential thrombocythemia - application of recent evidence to clinical practice. Leukemia. 2013;27:1617-1620.http://www.nature.com/leu/journal/v27/n8/full/leu201399a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23558521?tool=bestpractice.com已经应用每天一次的阿司匹林后仍有反复微血管症状,或者同时存在心血管危险因素和JAK2-V617F突变的情况下,如果PLT<1000*10^9/L(<1 000 000/uL),可以考虑应用每天2次的阿司匹林。[15]Tefferi A, Barbui T. Personalized management of essential thrombocythemia - application of recent evidence to clinical practice. Leukemia. 2013;27:1617-1620.http://www.nature.com/leu/journal/v27/n8/full/leu201399a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23558521?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Beer PA, Erber WN, Campbell PJ, et al. How I treat essential thrombocythemia. Blood. 2011;117:1472-1482.http://bloodjournal.org/content/117/5/1472.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21106990?tool=bestpractice.com
微血管症状一般不被视为用于危险分层的血栓事件,但如果症状很严重或对阿司匹林反应不佳,则可考虑更积极的治疗,包括细胞减灭治疗药物。心血管危险因素在低危和中危组(年纪<60岁,而且既往没有血栓事件)中对血栓风险评估的影响仍然并不清楚。
当对阿司匹林有主要禁忌时可以考虑氯吡格雷,普拉格雷和替卡格雷。
白细胞计数是新兴的危险因素、将来有可能成为危险分层的指标之一,但是需要有稳健性技术的前瞻研究证实。
高危组
并发症高风险患者需要满足以下至少 1 项:
PLT数量与血栓风险相关性差,但当PLT>1500*10^9/L(>1,500,000/uL)时因为出血风险增加所以需要细胞毒性药物治疗。
降PLT治疗通常针对于高危组患者。阿司匹林联合抗PLT药物、抗血小板药物和骨髓抑制药物通常是个体化治疗的选择。[4]Harrison CN, Bareford D, Butt N, et al; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guideline for investigation and management of adults and children presenting with a thrombocytosis. Br J Haematol. 2010;149:352-375.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08122.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20331456?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Tefferi A, Barbui T. Personalized management of essential thrombocythemia - application of recent evidence to clinical practice. Leukemia. 2013;27:1617-1620.http://www.nature.com/leu/journal/v27/n8/full/leu201399a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23558521?tool=bestpractice.com治疗的目标是充分控制骨髓增殖、保持WBC和PLT处于正常范围(WBC介于4.5*10^9/L和10*10^9/L之间(4500至10000/uL);PLT介于150*10^9/L和400*10^9/L之间(150 000至400 000/uL))、没有严重临床毒性和其他骨髓系的抑制。
骨髓抑制治疗(如羟基脲、阿那格雷)可以用于降低PLT计数。羟基脲是绝大多数患者的首选细胞毒性药物。循证医学的证据显示联合羟基脲和阿司匹林是高危组患者的一线治疗。[4]Harrison CN, Bareford D, Butt N, et al; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guideline for investigation and management of adults and children presenting with a thrombocytosis. Br J Haematol. 2010;149:352-375.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08122.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20331456?tool=bestpractice.com临床试验已显示虽然阿那格雷劣于羟基脲,但是目前仍然上是对于羟基脲不耐受或失败的患者的替代治疗方案。[4]Harrison CN, Bareford D, Butt N, et al; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guideline for investigation and management of adults and children presenting with a thrombocytosis. Br J Haematol. 2010;149:352-375.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08122.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20331456?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Harrison CN, Campbell PJ, Buck G, et al. Hydroxyurea compared with anagrelide in high-risk essential thrombocythemia. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:33-45.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa043800#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16000354?tool=bestpractice.com干扰素 α-2b 可考虑用于羟基脲和阿那格雷失败的患者,[23]Elliott MA, Tefferi A. Interferon-alfa therapy in polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia. Semin Thromb Hemost. 1997;23:463-472.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9387205?tool=bestpractice.com年龄 <65 岁或妊娠和准备妊娠的患者。对于年龄≥65岁、应用羟基脲和阿那格雷失败的患者来说,白消安优于干扰素|Α2-b。[24]Tefferi A. Polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia: 2012 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management. Am J Hematol. 2012;87:285-293.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22331582?tool=bestpractice.com
年轻ET患者(年龄<60岁)有血栓病史的也定义为高危,都需要接受降细胞的治疗。一线治疗羟基脲和二线治疗干扰素α-2b可应用。年龄患者有静脉血栓病史的需要额外的系统抗凝,而有动脉栓塞病史的则需要接受每日一次的阿司匹林或其他抗PLT药物。[15]Tefferi A, Barbui T. Personalized management of essential thrombocythemia - application of recent evidence to clinical practice. Leukemia. 2013;27:1617-1620.http://www.nature.com/leu/journal/v27/n8/full/leu201399a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23558521?tool=bestpractice.com年老患者(≥60岁)不论是否存在血栓病史都应接受羟基脲和至少每日一次的阿司匹林。[15]Tefferi A, Barbui T. Personalized management of essential thrombocythemia - application of recent evidence to clinical practice. Leukemia. 2013;27:1617-1620.http://www.nature.com/leu/journal/v27/n8/full/leu201399a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23558521?tool=bestpractice.com年老且合并静脉血栓病史的患者需要接受细胞减灭治疗联合系统化抗凝治疗。这些患者如果存在心血管危险因素或JAK2-V617F突变且无禁忌时应该接受每日一次的阿司匹林。年老患者合并动脉系统血栓,且存在心血管危险因素或JAK2-V617F情况下不需要抗凝但可能从每日两次的阿司匹林加细胞毒治疗中获益。对于那些高危患者已经应用每日一次阿司匹林仍然存在微血管症状时、或者那些同时合并心血管危险因素和JAK2-V617F突变的患者,如果PLT<1000*10^9/L(<1,000,000/uL),也可能从每日两次的阿司匹林中获益。[15]Tefferi A, Barbui T. Personalized management of essential thrombocythemia - application of recent evidence to clinical practice. Leukemia. 2013;27:1617-1620.http://www.nature.com/leu/journal/v27/n8/full/leu201399a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23558521?tool=bestpractice.com老年原发性血小板增多症患者,当羟基脲不耐受或耐药时可以选择白消安或聚乙二醇化的干扰素。
羟基脲是一种脱氧核苷酸合成抑制剂,可以有效地减少血小板。[4]Harrison CN, Bareford D, Butt N, et al; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guideline for investigation and management of adults and children presenting with a thrombocytosis. Br J Haematol. 2010;149:352-375.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08122.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20331456?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Fenaux P, Simon M, Caulier MT, et al. Clinical course of essential thrombocythemia in 147 cases. Cancer. 1990;66:549-556.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2364366?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Harrison CN, Campbell PJ, Buck G, et al. Hydroxyurea compared with anagrelide in high-risk essential thrombocythemia. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:33-45.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa043800#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16000354?tool=bestpractice.com剂量可以根据对血小板计数的预期效果而调整(一些专家建议目标血小板水平应 <450 x 10^9/L [<450,000/μL],但尚无可用的循证指南),同时最大程度降低使贫血和中性粒细胞减少的发生。羟基脲可以通过胎盘、并不适用于妊娠和潜在妊娠的妇女。
阿那格雷通过抑制PLT环磷酸腺苷磷酸二酯酶的活性抑制PLT聚集,同时又有降PLT作用。[4]Harrison CN, Bareford D, Butt N, et al; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guideline for investigation and management of adults and children presenting with a thrombocytosis. Br J Haematol. 2010;149:352-375.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08122.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20331456?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Harrison CN, Campbell PJ, Buck G, et al. Hydroxyurea compared with anagrelide in high-risk essential thrombocythemia. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:33-45.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa043800#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16000354?tool=bestpractice.com阿那格雷可导致获得性特发性心肌病,因此对于已知或怀疑心脏疾病的患者必须谨慎应用。[22]Harrison CN, Campbell PJ, Buck G, et al. Hydroxyurea compared with anagrelide in high-risk essential thrombocythemia. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:33-45.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa043800#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16000354?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Tomer A. Effects of anagrelide on in vivo megakaryocyte proliferation and maturation in essential thrombocythemia. Blood. 2002;99:1602-1609.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11861274?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Jurgens DJ, Moreno-Aspitia A, Tefferi A. Anagrelide-associated cardiomyopathy in polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia. Haematologica. 2004;89:1394-1395.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15531464?tool=bestpractice.com对于阿那格雷处理的患者骨髓纤维化转化的风险是存在的,因此需要规律监测(每3年)、识别早期进展。
干扰素α-2b对所有骨髓增殖性疾病的PLT增多均有效。[4]Harrison CN, Bareford D, Butt N, et al; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Guideline for investigation and management of adults and children presenting with a thrombocytosis. Br J Haematol. 2010;149:352-375.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08122.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20331456?tool=bestpractice.com
血小板单采是从供者全血中分离血小板、回输其他成分的一种方法。对于需要紧急降PLT情况下可以应用(如严重的出血或血栓)。[27]Taft EG, Babcock RB, Scharfman WB, et al. Plateletpheresis in the management of thrombocytosis. Blood. 1977;50:927-933.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/bloodjournal/50/5/927.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/907841?tool=bestpractice.com循环中PLT寿命仅有7天,血小板单采会非常快速的降低PLT数量、缓解MPD相关高PLT的急性症状。[28]Barbui T, Barosi G, Grossi A, et al. Practice guidelines for the therapy of essential thrombocythemia. Haematologica. 2004;89:215-232.http://www.siematologia.it/files/Linee%20Guida%20Trombocitemia%20Essenziale.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15003898?tool=bestpractice.com然而对于原发性PLT增多症其很少应用。
需要手术的患者
抗血小板治疗通常需要在大手术或关键部位手术前7-10天停用,手术后根据手术情况尽快恢复。手术后血栓预防通常根据患者接受的ET治疗遭遇不同有相应的指南要求。接受细胞减灭治疗的择期手术前,血细胞计数应该控制良好,术后治疗尽快恢复。而对于没有接受细胞减灭治疗的患者应个体化确定临时治疗方案。[16]Beer PA, Erber WN, Campbell PJ, et al. How I treat essential thrombocythemia. Blood. 2011;117:1472-1482.http://bloodjournal.org/content/117/5/1472.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21106990?tool=bestpractice.com
妊娠期女性
妊娠妇女无症状、低危组患者可以接受阿司匹林以预防胎盘血栓和自发流产。妊娠妇女高危组或合并有血管收缩舒张症状时应该额外接受干扰素α2-b治疗,因为其他骨髓移植药物(羟基脲和阿那格雷)都会通过胎盘。