在免疫正常的患者中,流感样症状较轻,大部分急性感染自行缓解。而对于临床症状持续,慢性肺组织胞浆菌病,播散性感染,或免疫缺陷的患者中(原发性免疫缺陷或由于使用免疫抑制药物所致的继发性免疫缺陷),需进行系统的扛真菌治疗。
无症状组织胞浆菌病,非妊娠
健康人群暴露于低菌量时,常无临床症状。局限性,自愈的肺部组织胞浆菌感染可以发生钙化并形成肺部结节。这些结节并无临床症状,常在拍摄肺片时意外发现。这些结节与恶性疾病或感染难以区分,需依赖病理活检。目前并不建议对肺内结节进行抗真菌治疗。[1]Wheat LJ, Freifeld AG, Kleiman MB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:807-825.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/7/807.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17806045?tool=bestpractice.com
急性肺组织胞浆菌病(症状<4周),非妊娠。
在免疫正常的人群,症状轻微,通常在发病数周内减轻,且未经特别治疗即趋于自行消退。[1]Wheat LJ, Freifeld AG, Kleiman MB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:807-825.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/7/807.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17806045?tool=bestpractice.com
免疫缺陷人群有发展至进行性播散型疾病的风险。[2]Wheat LJ, Connolly-Stringfield PA, Baker RL, et al. Disseminated histoplasmosis in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: clinical findings, diagnosis and treatment, and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 1990;69:361-374.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2233233?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Adderson EE. Histoplasmosis in a pediatric oncology center. J Pediatr. 2004;144:100-106.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14722526?tool=bestpractice.com因此,在免疫缺陷人群中,如果怀疑感染或具有组织胞浆菌病感染的临床表现,应进行抗真菌治疗。
对于轻微或中等症状的患者,建议予伊曲康唑治疗6-12周。伊曲康唑静脉制剂的血药浓度较高,因此无论何时都应尽量采用。氟康唑抗真菌治疗活性较低,应用于对伊曲康唑不耐受或耐药的患者。
唑类抗真菌药物具有肝毒性。因此,在起始治疗时应检测肝酶,同时,在治疗1,2,4周,以及接下来每三个月都应进行肝功能检测,直到治疗结束。在治疗2周后应监测伊曲康唑浓度,建议随机伊曲康唑浓度应≥1μg/mL以达到有效治疗浓度。
对于重症患者,静脉两性霉素B制剂应被用于治疗。若患者具有呼吸窘迫,可采用呼吸机支持。出院后,治疗应维持至少12个周或直到胸片上肺部病灶消失。[1]Wheat LJ, Freifeld AG, Kleiman MB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:807-825.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/7/807.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17806045?tool=bestpractice.com氟康唑作为慢性维持性治疗的疗效会减弱。[1]Wheat LJ, Freifeld AG, Kleiman MB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:807-825.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/7/807.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17806045?tool=bestpractice.com
急性肺部组织胞浆菌病(症状>4周),非妊娠。
症状持续一月以上需警惕疾病播散。[1]Wheat LJ, Freifeld AG, Kleiman MB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:807-825.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/7/807.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17806045?tool=bestpractice.com在免疫正常及免疫缺陷的患者中治疗方案相同。
对于轻微或中等症状的患者,建议予伊曲康唑治疗6-12周。伊曲康唑静脉制剂的血药浓度较高,因此无论何时都应尽量采用。氟康唑抗真菌治疗活性较低,应用于对伊曲康唑不耐受或耐药的患者。
对于重症患者,静脉两性霉素B制剂应被用于治疗。若患者具有呼吸窘迫,可采用呼吸机支持。出院后,治疗应维持至少12个周或直到胸片上肺部病灶消失。[1]Wheat LJ, Freifeld AG, Kleiman MB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:807-825.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/7/807.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17806045?tool=bestpractice.com
慢性肺组织胞浆菌病,非妊娠。
不同于其它感染,急性和慢性组织胞浆菌病感染的区别在于是否存在基础肺部疾病,而不在于症状持续时间。慢性组织胞浆菌病常合并肺部空洞,症状可需要数年才能出现。
患有基础疾病的患者可能在暴露于真菌后出现慢性感染。如没有治疗,疾病可持续进展,导致死亡。儿童中尚无慢性肺组织胞浆菌病的报道。在免疫正常及免疫缺陷的患者中治疗方案相同。
针对不需卧床的患者(如不需要呼吸机支持的患者),伊曲康唑被证明是安全有效的。[18]Dismukes WE, Bradsher RW Jr, Cloud GC, et al. Itraconazole therapy for blastomycosis and histoplasmosis. NIAID Mycoses Study Group. Am J Med. 1992;93:489-497.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1332471?tool=bestpractice.com然而,伊曲康唑治疗的复发率较高(9%-15%);因此,推荐长期治疗。一旦血中伊曲康唑浓度达到稳定(治疗后2周),应检测血药浓度。随即血药浓度应在1-10μg/mL之间。[1]Wheat LJ, Freifeld AG, Kleiman MB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:807-825.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/7/807.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17806045?tool=bestpractice.com每4-6月应进行胸片拍摄,治疗应维持至少12个月或直到肺部病灶消失。[1]Wheat LJ, Freifeld AG, Kleiman MB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:807-825.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/7/807.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17806045?tool=bestpractice.com氟康唑抗真菌治疗活性较低,应用于对伊曲康唑不耐受或耐药的患者。
对于低氧血症或需要呼吸机支持的患者(入院患者),应予两性霉素B治疗。当患者出院后,可序贯伊曲康唑完成12个月治疗方案。由于高复发率,患者停止治疗后应继续密切监测至少1年。
播散型组织胞浆菌病,非妊娠。
诊断标准为:3周内症状没有缓解,同时出现肺外症状。进行性播散型组织胞浆菌病在没有治疗的情况下死亡率高。在免疫正常及免疫缺陷的患者中治疗方案相同。
针对不需卧床的患者(如不需要呼吸机支持的患者),伊曲康唑被证明是安全有效的。[1]Wheat LJ, Freifeld AG, Kleiman MB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:807-825.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/7/807.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17806045?tool=bestpractice.com应检测伊曲康唑的血药浓度。每4-6月应进行胸片拍摄,治疗应维持至少12个月或直到肺部病灶消失。
尿液中荚膜组织胞浆菌抗原含量应每月进行检测来评估治疗效果,并在停药后继续监测12个月评估有无复发。10-15%的治疗后患者出现复发,提示伊曲康唑应进行长期的维持治疗。[18]Dismukes WE, Bradsher RW Jr, Cloud GC, et al. Itraconazole therapy for blastomycosis and histoplasmosis. NIAID Mycoses Study Group. Am J Med. 1992;93:489-497.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1332471?tool=bestpractice.com
对于低氧血症或需要呼吸机支持的患者(入院患者),应予两性霉素B治疗。 对于艾滋病患者,两性霉素脂质体的治疗反应率更高,同时死亡率更低。[36]Johnson PC, Wheat LJ, Cloud GA, et al; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group. Safety and efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B compared with conventional amphotericin B for induction therapy of histoplasmosis in patients with AIDS. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:105-109.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=715437http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12118965?tool=bestpractice.com当患者出院后,可序贯伊曲康唑完成12个月治疗方案。
在免疫缺陷患者中,治疗结束后仍需与伊曲康唑长期维持。在艾滋病患者中,如果患者接受了高强度的抗病毒治疗,或CD4细胞计数>150个/mL,血培养阴性,荚膜组织胞浆菌血清和尿液抗原量<2ng/mL,伊曲康唑可在1年疗程结束后停用。[19]Goldman M, Zackin R, Fichtenbaum CJ, et al. Safety of discontinuation of maintenance therapy for disseminated histoplasmosis after immunologic response to antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:1485-1489.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/38/10/1485.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15156489?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Myint T, Anderson AM, Sanchez A, et al. Histoplasmosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS): multicenter study of outcomes and factors associated with relapse. Medicine (Baltimore). 2014;93:11-18.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24378739?tool=bestpractice.com
纵隔肉芽肿,非妊娠
在有些患者中,纵隔淋巴结在急性肺部感染后的数月至数年中可融合形成一个干酪样肿块。无症状患者不需要治疗,有症状患者需要予伊曲康唑治疗。[1]Wheat LJ, Freifeld AG, Kleiman MB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:807-825.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/7/807.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17806045?tool=bestpractice.com肿块的形成可压迫纵隔结果或形成支气管、试管,皮肤瘘道病引起继发性症状。此时,可用激素(如泼尼松)联合伊曲康唑治疗,手术可缓解阻塞性症状。[38]Massachusetts General Hospital. Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Weekly clinicopathological exercises. Case 15-1991. A 48-year-old man with dysphagia, chest pain, fever, and a subcarinal mass. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:1049-1056.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2005943?tool=bestpractice.com
纵隔纤维化,非妊娠。
侵袭性纤维化可包绕纵隔或肺门淋巴结,导致气道和血管阻塞。双侧病变很少见但致死率高。[39]Mocherla S, Wheat LJ. Treatment of histoplasmosis. Semin Respir Infect. 2001;16:141-148.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11521246?tool=bestpractice.com总体来说,抗真菌治疗和抗炎治疗效果不佳。一些临床医生建议12周的伊曲康唑治疗,然而,并没有证据提示治疗有显著效果。[40]Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, et al; American Thoracic Society Fungal Working Group. An official American Thoracic Society statement: treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:96-128.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193785?tool=bestpractice.com激素治疗并不推荐,而抗纤维化的机制仍然未知。血管内支架可用于减轻上腔静脉的受压症状。[1]Wheat LJ, Freifeld AG, Kleiman MB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:807-825.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/7/807.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17806045?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, et al; American Thoracic Society Fungal Working Group. An official American Thoracic Society statement: treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:96-128.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193785?tool=bestpractice.com
支气管结石症(非妊娠)。
急性感染后的钙化淋巴结可侵入相邻支气管,导致喀血和咳石症。[41]Goodwin RA, Loyd JE, Des Prez RM. Histoplasmosis in normal hosts. Medicine (Baltimore). 1981;60:231-266.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7017339?tool=bestpractice.comCT可协助诊断。支气管镜或手术清除可治疗该病。[41]Goodwin RA, Loyd JE, Des Prez RM. Histoplasmosis in normal hosts. Medicine (Baltimore). 1981;60:231-266.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7017339?tool=bestpractice.com不推荐抗真菌治疗。[1]Wheat LJ, Freifeld AG, Kleiman MB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:807-825.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/7/807.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17806045?tool=bestpractice.com[40]Limper AH, Knox KS, Sarosi GA, et al; American Thoracic Society Fungal Working Group. An official American Thoracic Society statement: treatment of fungal infections in adult pulmonary and critical care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:96-128.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21193785?tool=bestpractice.com
心包炎(非妊娠)
常由机体针对肺部感染的免疫炎症反应所致,而非心包本身受到感染。[42]Young EJ, Vainrub B, Musher DM. Pericarditis due to histoplasmosis. JAMA. 1978;240:1750-1751.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/691177?tool=bestpractice.com对于轻症患者,NSAIDs治疗有效。而对于中-重症患者,需接受激素治疗,伊曲康唑也需合用以预防免疫抑制所致的感染播散。[1]Wheat LJ, Freifeld AG, Kleiman MB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:807-825.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/7/807.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17806045?tool=bestpractice.com当患者血流动力学不稳定时,可行心包穿刺。[1]Wheat LJ, Freifeld AG, Kleiman MB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:807-825.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/7/807.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17806045?tool=bestpractice.com
风湿性疾病症状(非妊娠)
在10%的急性肺组织胞浆菌病的患者中,机体的免疫炎症反应可导致多关节疼痛或关节炎。[43]Rosenthal J, Brandt KD, Wheat LJ, et al. Rheumatologic manifestations of histoplasmosis in the recent Indianapolis epidemic. Arthritis Rheum. 1983;26:1065-1070.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6615561?tool=bestpractice.com患者也可并发结节性红斑。治疗方案通常为单用激素。[1]Wheat LJ, Freifeld AG, Kleiman MB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:807-825.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/7/807.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17806045?tool=bestpractice.com很少用皮质类固醇进行治疗,但已应用于对于NSAID治疗效果不佳的患者。如给予了皮质类固醇,则应联用伊曲康唑以预防免疫抑制所致的感染播散。[43]Rosenthal J, Brandt KD, Wheat LJ, et al. Rheumatologic manifestations of histoplasmosis in the recent Indianapolis epidemic. Arthritis Rheum. 1983;26:1065-1070.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6615561?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Medeiros AA, Marty SD, Tosh FE, et al. Erythema nodosum and erythema multiforme as clinical manifestations of histoplasmosis in a community outbreak. N Engl J Med. 1966;274:415-420.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5904279?tool=bestpractice.com
脑膜脑炎,非妊娠。
20%的播散性感染中,有中枢系统症状,包括脑膜炎、脑炎、脑部或脊椎病灶。[45]Wheat LJ, Batteiger BE, Sathapatayavongs B. Histoplasma capsulatum infections of the central nervous system. A clinical review. Medicine (Baltimore). 1990;69:244-260.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2197524?tool=bestpractice.com初始治疗为两性霉素脂质体B治疗4-6周,伊曲康唑序贯治疗至少1年直到脑脊液异常指标好转,包括组织胞浆菌血清学抗原水平。伊曲康唑血药浓度可用于监测药物暴露水平。[1]Wheat LJ, Freifeld AG, Kleiman MB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:807-825.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/7/807.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17806045?tool=bestpractice.com
妊娠女性
由于存在感染通过胎盘传播至发育中胎儿的风险,因此荚膜组织胞浆菌感染如发生在妊娠期内,应给予抗真菌药物治疗。[46]Whitt SP, Koch GA, Fender B, et al. Histoplasmosis in pregnancy: case series and report of transplacental transmission. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:454-458.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14980998?tool=bestpractice.com唑类抗真菌药物具有致畸性;因此,妊娠女性应给与两性霉素B治疗4-6周,同时检测胎儿出生后临床和实验室指标,排除组织胞浆菌感染。[47]Moudgal VV, Sobel JD. Antifungal drugs in pregnancy: a review. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2003;2:475-483.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12946248?tool=bestpractice.com
儿童
儿童中感染表现和成人类似,然而,尚无儿童慢性肺组织胞浆菌病的案例。
儿童和成人治疗方案相同。儿童耐受脱氧胆酸两性霉素B较好,因此在儿童中,推荐优于两性霉素B液体制剂。[1]Wheat LJ, Freifeld AG, Kleiman MB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: 2007 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:807-825.http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/45/7/807.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17806045?tool=bestpractice.com