存在两种主要的组织学和分期分类系统:国家 Wilms 瘤研究组 (NWTSG)/儿童肿瘤学组 (COG) 建立的系统,及国际儿童肿瘤协会 (SIOP)/英国儿童癌症研究组 (UKCCSG) 建立的系统。这两个系统在分期和治疗策略上略有不同,SIOP/UKCCSG 提供术前化疗,而 NWTSG/COG 是基于前期肾切除术。尽管存在该差异,但两种治疗策略都有卓越的具有可比性的治疗效果。
虽然 NWTSG 系统代表过去最佳实践标准,但目前 COG 试验正在用基于风险的方法评估减少和强化治疗。目前的 COG 建议是基于通过 5 次临床试验获取的 NWTS-1 结果,未纳入治疗性研究中的患者应遵循 NWTS-5 指南。SIOP 进行中的研究正在试图进一步去掉蒽环霉素和放射治疗在非高风险人群中的使用。
NWTSG/COG
分期:COG,NWTSG 的修改版:[1]D'Angio GJ. The National Wilms Tumor Study: a 40 year perspective. Lifetime Data Anal. 2007;13:463-470.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18027087?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Shamberger RC, Guthrie KA, Ritchey ML, et al. Surgery-related factors and local recurrence of Wilms tumor in National Wilms Tumor Study 4. Ann Surg. 1999;229:292-297.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=10024113http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10024113?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Coppes MJ, Arnold M, Beckwith JB, et al. Factors affecting the risk of contralateral Wilms tumor development: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Cancer. 1999;85:1616-1625.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10193955?tool=bestpractice.com[116]Dome JS, Cotton CA, Perlman EJ, et al. Treatment of anaplastic histology Wilms' tumor: results from the fifth National Wilms' Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2352-2358.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710034?tool=bestpractice.com[117]Beckwith JB. National Wilms Tumor Study: an update for pathologists. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 1998;1:79-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10463275?tool=bestpractice.com[118]Green DM, Breslow NE, Evans I, et al. Treatment of children with stage IV favorable histology Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1996;26:147-152.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8544795?tool=bestpractice.com[137]Green DM, Breslow NE, Beckwith JB, et al. Treatment with nephrectomy only for small, stage I/favorable histology Wilms' tumor: a report from the National Wilms' Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:3719-3724.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11533093?tool=bestpractice.com[138]Faria P, Beckwith JB, Mishra K, et al. Focal versus diffuse anaplasia in Wilms tumor - new definitions with prognostic significance: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Am J Surg Pathol. 1996;20:909-920.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8712292?tool=bestpractice.com[139]Ritchey ML, Pringle KC, Breslow NE, et al. Management and outcome of inoperable Wilms tumor. A report of National Wilms Tumor Study-3. Ann Surg. 1994;220:683-690.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=7979618http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7979618?tool=bestpractice.com[140]Green DM, Beckwith JB, Breslow NE, et al. Treatment of children with stages II to IV anaplastic Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12:2126-2131.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7931483?tool=bestpractice.com
I 期:肿瘤局限于肾脏,未破裂,已完全切除,且肾包膜完整。切除术前不进行任何活检。肿瘤边缘清楚
II 期:肿瘤扩散至肾脏外(例如,穿透肾包膜或肾窦广泛侵入),但已完全切除且边缘无肿瘤累及
III 期:出现显微镜下或肉眼残留的或不可切除的非血源性肿瘤,且局限于腹部。这可能表现为腹内或骨盆内肿瘤阳性淋巴结,腹膜移植或穿透。如果已进行切除活检或术前或术中存在局限于侧腹部的肿瘤溢出,以及如果不累及腹膜表面,则该肿瘤为 III 期肿瘤。肿瘤溢出或切除活检后的肿瘤不再视为 II 期肿瘤
IV 期:出现腹部-骨盆区域之外的血源性转移(即肺、肝、骨、脑)或淋巴结转移。肿瘤的局部淋巴结累及不被视为转移性疾病。未在胸部 X 线上检测到肺结节,但在胸部 CT 上可见,不需要通过全肺放射进行治疗。建议进行切除活检以确认此类病变实际上是转移性 Wilms 瘤
V 期:双侧肾累及;对每个肾进行单独分期。
组织学:NWTSG:[18]Perlman EJ. Pediatric renal tumors: practical updates for the pathologist. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2005;8:320-338.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16010493?tool=bestpractice.com[32]Breslow NE, Beckwith JB, Perlman EJ, et al. Age distributions, birth weights, nephrogenic rests, and heterogeneity in the pathogenesis of Wilms tumor. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2006;47:260-267.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16700047http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16700047?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Perlman EJ, Faria P, Soares A, et al. Hyperplastic perilobar nephroblastomatosis: long-term survival of 52 patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2006;46:203-221.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15816029?tool=bestpractice.com[116]Dome JS, Cotton CA, Perlman EJ, et al. Treatment of anaplastic histology Wilms' tumor: results from the fifth National Wilms' Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2352-2358.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710034?tool=bestpractice.com[117]Beckwith JB. National Wilms Tumor Study: an update for pathologists. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 1998;1:79-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10463275?tool=bestpractice.com[118]Green DM, Breslow NE, Evans I, et al. Treatment of children with stage IV favorable histology Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1996;26:147-152.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8544795?tool=bestpractice.com[119]Gratias EJ, Dome JS. Current and emerging chemotherapy treatment strategies for Wilms tumor in North America. Paediatr Drugs. 2008;10:115-124.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18345721?tool=bestpractice.com
不存在间变(有利的组织学):
通常呈三相外观,包括胚基、基质和上皮元素
存在流产小管,且肾小球被梭形细胞基质包围。
存在间变(不利的组织学):
存在复发风险的类型:
COG 根据分期、组织学和生物因素将有利的组织学 Wilms 瘤细分成以下复发风险类别:
极低风险:年龄小于 2 岁,肿瘤重量小于 550 g,I 期,任何杂合性缺失 (LOH) 状态
低风险:任何年龄或肿瘤重量,I 期或 II 期,但 1p 和 16q 处无 LOH
标准风险:I 期肿瘤大于 550 g,1p 和 16q 处有 LOH,或有 LOH 的 II 期肿瘤,或无 LOH 的 III/IV 期肿瘤
高风险:1p 和 16q 处有 LOH 的 III 或 IV 期肿瘤。
注意:LOH 试验是研究型试验,应在入选多中心临床试验后在经过认证的研究实验室进行。该方法的有效性目前正在研究中。
SIOP/UKCCSG
分期:[100]Mitchell C, Pritchard-Jones K, Shannon R, et al. Immediate nephrectomy versus preoperative chemotherapy in the management of non-metastatic Wilms tumour: results of a randomised trial (UKW3) by the UK Children's Cancer Study Group. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42:2554-2562.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16904312?tool=bestpractice.com[120]Spreafico F, Terenziani M, Fossati-Bellani F, et al. Revised SIOP working classification of renal tumors of childhood. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2003;41:102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12764768?tool=bestpractice.com[122]de Kraker J, Graf N, van Tinteren H, et al. Reduction of postoperative chemotherapy in children with stage I intermediate-risk and anaplastic Wilms tumour (SIOP 93-01 trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:1229-1235.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15464183?tool=bestpractice.com[141]Graf N, Tournade MF, de Kraker J. The role of preoperative chemotherapy in the management of Wilms tumor. The SIOP studies. International Society of Pediatric Oncology. Urol Clin North Am. 2000;27:443-454.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10985144?tool=bestpractice.com
I 期:肿瘤局限于肾脏,完全切除,未累及肾窦(可能累及肾内血管)
II 期:肿瘤扩散至肾脏外,完全切除。肿瘤已完全切除,且切除的边缘处或边缘外无肿瘤证据。肿瘤扩散至肾脏外,由以下任一条件证明:(1) 存在肿瘤区域扩散(即,穿透肾包膜,或肾窦的软组织广泛侵入);(2) 肾切除标本内的肾实质外面的血管(包括肾窦的血管)包含肿瘤
III 期:肿瘤浸润超出包膜,未完全切除的肿瘤。这包括浸润到包膜之外的肿瘤。浸润局部淋巴结或肾外血管或输尿管的肿瘤被分类为 III 期。如果进行术前活检或如果存在术前/围手术期破裂,或发现局部区域淋巴结外的腹膜转移或腹主动脉旁淋巴结浸润,则为 III 期肿瘤
IV 期:远处转移
V 期:双侧肾肿瘤。
组织学:[120]Spreafico F, Terenziani M, Fossati-Bellani F, et al. Revised SIOP working classification of renal tumors of childhood. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2003;41:102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12764768?tool=bestpractice.com[121]Reinhard H, Semler O, Burger D, et al. Results of the SIOP 93-01/GPOH trial and study for the treatment of patients with unilateral nonmetastatic Wilms Tumor. Klin Padiatr. 2004;216:132-140.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15175957?tool=bestpractice.com[122]de Kraker J, Graf N, van Tinteren H, et al. Reduction of postoperative chemotherapy in children with stage I intermediate-risk and anaplastic Wilms tumour (SIOP 93-01 trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:1229-1235.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15464183?tool=bestpractice.com[142]Vujanic GM, Sandstedt B. The pathology of Wilms' tumour (nephroblastoma): the International Society of Paediatric Oncology approach. J Clin Pathol. 2010;63:102-109.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19687012?tool=bestpractice.com
基于术前化疗后残留肿瘤的组织学特征。
低风险肿瘤:完全坏死、囊性、部分分化(相当于 NWTSG 有利的组织学)。
中等风险肿瘤:不是低风险或高风险的组织学(相当于 NWTSG 有利的组织学)。根据 SIOP 方案,有局灶性间变的肿瘤被视为中等风险肿瘤。
高风险肿瘤:胚基、弥漫性间变(相当于 NWTSG 不利的组织学)。