英国每年约有 70 名儿童被诊断为 Wilms 瘤。[21]Macmillan Cancer Support. Wilms' tumour in children. September 2016. http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk (last accessed 15 August 2017).http://www.macmillan.org.uk/Cancerinformation/Cancertypes/Childrenscancers/Typesofchildrenscancers/Wilmstumour.aspx在美国,每年约有 500 名儿童和不到 20 岁的青少年被诊断为该疾病。[3]Breslow N, Olshan A, Beckwith JB, et al. Epidemiology of Wilms tumor. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1993;21:172-181.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7680412?tool=bestpractice.com[4]Bunin GR, Meadows AT. Epidemiology and Wilms tumor: approaches and methods. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1993;21:169-171.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8383277?tool=bestpractice.com21 年期间全球发病率未发生变化。[22]Ward EM, Thun MJ, Hannan LM, et al. Interpreting cancer trends. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1076:29-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17119192?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Pastore G, Carli M, Lemerle J, et al. Epidemiological features of Wilms tumor: results of studies by the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP). Med Pediatr Oncol. 1988;16:7-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2828903?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Breslow N, Olshan A, Beckwith JB, et al. Ethnic variation in the incidence, diagnosis, prognosis, and follow-up of children with Wilms' tumor. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994;86:49-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8271283?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Fukuzawa R, Breslow NE, Morison IM, et al. Epigenetic differences between Wilms tumours in white and east-Asian children. Lancet. 2004;363:446-451.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14962525?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Seyed-Ahadi MM, Khaleghnejad-Tabari A, Mirshemirani A, et al. Wilms tumor: a 10 year retrospective study. Arch Iran Med. 2007;10:65-69.http://www.ams.ac.ir/AIM/NEWPUB/07/10/1/0015.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17198457?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Gatta G, Capocaccia R, Stiller C, et al. Childhood cancer survival trends in Europe: a EUROCARE Working Group study. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:3742-3751.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15923571?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Chaudhuri K, Sinha A, Hati GC, et al. Childhood malignancies at BS Medical College: a ten year study. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2003;46:194-196.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15022907?tool=bestpractice.com[29]Ben Arush MW, Nahum MP, Maor JA, et al. Wilms tumor: the Northern Israel Oncology Institute experience. J Surg Oncol. 1995;59:10-13.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7745969?tool=bestpractice.com女性和黑人儿童的发病率略高于男性和白人儿童;[22]Ward EM, Thun MJ, Hannan LM, et al. Interpreting cancer trends. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1076:29-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17119192?tool=bestpractice.com但近期数据显示,男性与女性以及黑人儿童与白人儿童的发病率相当。[22]Ward EM, Thun MJ, Hannan LM, et al. Interpreting cancer trends. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1076:29-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17119192?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Pastore G, Carli M, Lemerle J, et al. Epidemiological features of Wilms tumor: results of studies by the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP). Med Pediatr Oncol. 1988;16:7-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2828903?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Breslow N, Olshan A, Beckwith JB, et al. Ethnic variation in the incidence, diagnosis, prognosis, and follow-up of children with Wilms' tumor. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994;86:49-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8271283?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Gatta G, Capocaccia R, Stiller C, et al. Childhood cancer survival trends in Europe: a EUROCARE Working Group study. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:3742-3751.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15923571?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Olisa EG, Chandra R, Jackson MA, et al. Malignant tumors in American black and Nigerian children: a comparative study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1975;55:281-284.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/169371?tool=bestpractice.com亚洲人的发病率约为黑人和白人发病率的一半。[3]Breslow N, Olshan A, Beckwith JB, et al. Epidemiology of Wilms tumor. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1993;21:172-181.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7680412?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Breslow N, Olshan A, Beckwith JB, et al. Ethnic variation in the incidence, diagnosis, prognosis, and follow-up of children with Wilms' tumor. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994;86:49-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8271283?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Sen S, Kadamba P, Al-AbdulAaly M, et al. Results of Wilms tumour management in two tertiary-care hospitals in Asia. Pediatr Surg Int. 1998;13:42-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9391203?tool=bestpractice.com与亚洲人种儿童相比,白人儿童肾前期病变和Wilms瘤的IGF2印记缺失的发生率更高。[32]Breslow NE, Beckwith JB, Perlman EJ, et al. Age distributions, birth weights, nephrogenic rests, and heterogeneity in the pathogenesis of Wilms tumor. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2006;47:260-267.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16700047http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16700047?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Bjornsson HT, Brown LJ, Fallin MD, et al. Epigenetic specificity of loss of imprinting of the IGF2 gene in Wilms tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99:1270-1273.http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/99/16/1270http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17686827?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Ruteshouser EC, Robinson SM, Huff V. Wilms tumor genetics: mutations in WT1, WTX, and CTNNB1 account for only about one-third of tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2008;47:461-470.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18311776?tool=bestpractice.com
Wilms 瘤最常出现于 2-5 岁。[2]Kaste SC, Dome JS, Babyn PS, et al. Wilms tumour: prognostic factors, staging, therapy and late effects. Pediatr Radiol. 2008;38:2-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18026723?tool=bestpractice.com单侧病例在男性(平均年龄为 42 个月)中发病年龄早于女性(平均年龄 47 个月),而男性和女性出现双侧疾病的平均年龄更低,分别为 30 个月和 33 个月。[22]Ward EM, Thun MJ, Hannan LM, et al. Interpreting cancer trends. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1076:29-53.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17119192?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Pastore G, Carli M, Lemerle J, et al. Epidemiological features of Wilms tumor: results of studies by the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP). Med Pediatr Oncol. 1988;16:7-11.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2828903?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Breslow NE, Beckwith JB. Epidemiological features of Wilms' tumor: results of the National Wilms' Tumor Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1982;68:429-436.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6278194?tool=bestpractice.com
多达 10% 的患者就诊时有转移性疾病。[36]Kaste SC, McCarville MB. Imaging pediatric abdominal tumors. Semin Roentgenol. 2008;43:50-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18053828?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Brisse HJ, Smets AM, Kaste SC, et al. Imaging in unilateral Wilms tumour. Pediatr Radiol. 2008;38:18-29.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18038168?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Ritchey ML, Green DM, Breslow NB, et al. Accuracy of current imaging modalities in the diagnosis of synchronous bilateral Wilms' tumor. A report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Cancer. 1995;75:600-604.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7812929?tool=bestpractice.com最常见的部位为肺 (80%)、局部淋巴结、肝脏和骨。