治疗较为复杂,需要儿外科医生、病理学专家、儿科肿瘤医生和放射肿瘤医生共同努力。应将患者及时转诊至大的癌症中心。治疗包括对所有患者进行肾切除术,以及根据肿瘤分期和组织学进行的化疗和/或放疗。
使用国家 Wilms 瘤研究组 (NWTSG)/儿童肿瘤学组 (COG)[1]D'Angio GJ. The National Wilms Tumor Study: a 40 year perspective. Lifetime Data Anal. 2007;13:463-470.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18027087?tool=bestpractice.com[10]van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Grundy P, Graf N, et al. Characteristics and survival of 750 children diagnosed with a renal tumor in the first seven months of life: a collaborative study by the SIOP/GPOH/SFOP, NWTSG, and UKCCSG Wilms tumor study groups. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50:1130-1134.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18095319?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Green DM. The treatment of stages I-IV favorable histology Wilms' tumor. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:1366-1372.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15084612?tool=bestpractice.com[116]Dome JS, Cotton CA, Perlman EJ, et al. Treatment of anaplastic histology Wilms' tumor: results from the fifth National Wilms' Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2352-2358.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710034?tool=bestpractice.com[144]Grundy PE, Breslow NE, Li S, et al. Loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes 1p and 16q is an adverse prognostic factor in favorable-histology Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7312-7321.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129848?tool=bestpractice.com[145]de Kraker J, Jones KP. Treatment of Wilms tumor: an international perspective. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:3156-3157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15860881?tool=bestpractice.com或国际儿童肿瘤协会 (SIOP)/英国儿童癌症研究组 (UKCCSG) 分期系统在进行肾切除术时对患者进行分期。[120]Spreafico F, Terenziani M, Fossati-Bellani F, et al. Revised SIOP working classification of renal tumors of childhood. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2003;41:102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12764768?tool=bestpractice.com[121]Reinhard H, Semler O, Burger D, et al. Results of the SIOP 93-01/GPOH trial and study for the treatment of patients with unilateral nonmetastatic Wilms Tumor. Klin Padiatr. 2004;216:132-140.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15175957?tool=bestpractice.com[122]de Kraker J, Graf N, van Tinteren H, et al. Reduction of postoperative chemotherapy in children with stage I intermediate-risk and anaplastic Wilms tumour (SIOP 93-01 trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:1229-1235.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15464183?tool=bestpractice.com[146]Weirich A, Ludwig R, Graf N, et al. Survival in nephroblastoma treated according to the trial and study SIOP-9/GPOH with respect to relapse and morbidity. Ann Oncol. 2004;15:808-820.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/15/5/808http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15111352?tool=bestpractice.com这两个方法略有不同,NWTSG/COG 建议进行前期肾切除术,然后再进行化疗,而 SIOP/UKCCSG 建议术前和术后化疗。尽管存在该差异,但两种方法的治疗目标都是减轻治疗负荷,并避免在低风险肿瘤患者中产生毒性,以及加强高风险肿瘤患者的治疗。
后续治疗方案基于患者的复发风险,由组织学(即是否存在间变)、临床(即分期、患者年龄、肿瘤重量)及生物(即 1p 和 16q 处杂合性缺失 (LOH))预后因素决定。指南仅供培训过的儿科肿瘤医生、放射肿瘤医生和外科医生使用。
手术是各分期疾病治疗非常重要的部分,因为它提供局部控制并预防转移扩散。建议通过经腹腔路径对所有患者进行根治性肾切除术。[140]Green DM, Beckwith JB, Breslow NE, et al. Treatment of children with stages II to IV anaplastic Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12:2126-2131.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7931483?tool=bestpractice.com外科医生应避免肿瘤溢出或切除不完整。应进行淋巴结选择性采样。[147]Porteus MH, Narkool P, Neuberg D, et al. Characteristics and outcome of children with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:2026-2031.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10811666?tool=bestpractice.com不再建议进行对侧肾探查。触诊肾静脉和下腔静脉可识别任何瘤栓(通常自由浮动),并且可能允许小心清除瘤栓。[95]Szavay P, Luithle T, Semler O, et al. Surgery of cavoatrial tumor thrombus in nephroblastoma: a report of the SIOP/GPOH study. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2004;43:40-45.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15170888?tool=bestpractice.com[148]Aspiazu D, Fernandez-Pineda I, Cabello R, et al. Surgical management of Wilms tumor with intravascular extension: a single-institution experience. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2012;29:50-54.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22304010?tool=bestpractice.com已经尝试并发表了一种电视腹腔镜方法与一种开腹方法的比较,但是电视腹腔镜方法的经验是有限的。[149]Duarte RJ, Cristofani LM, Dénes FT, et al. Wilms tumor: a retrospective study of 32 patients using videolaparoscopic and open approaches. Urology. 2014;84:191-195.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24857277?tool=bestpractice.com
如果肿瘤不可切除,则需要进行开放活检和淋巴结采样。[10]van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Grundy P, Graf N, et al. Characteristics and survival of 750 children diagnosed with a renal tumor in the first seven months of life: a collaborative study by the SIOP/GPOH/SFOP, NWTSG, and UKCCSG Wilms tumor study groups. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50:1130-1134.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18095319?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Green DM. The treatment of stages I-IV favorable histology Wilms' tumor. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:1366-1372.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15084612?tool=bestpractice.com[116]Dome JS, Cotton CA, Perlman EJ, et al. Treatment of anaplastic histology Wilms' tumor: results from the fifth National Wilms' Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2352-2358.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710034?tool=bestpractice.com[145]de Kraker J, Jones KP. Treatment of Wilms tumor: an international perspective. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:3156-3157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15860881?tool=bestpractice.com如果相邻重要结构存在广泛粘连、存在呼吸受损,或瘤栓扩散至肝静脉水平以上的管腔,则通常认为肿瘤无法切除。[150]Brisse HJ, Schleiermacher G, Sarnacki S, et al. Preoperative Wilms tumor rupture: a retrospective study of 57 patients. Cancer. 2008;113:202-213.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18457331?tool=bestpractice.com[151]Rutigliano DN, Kayton ML, Steinherz P, et al. The use of preoperative chemotherapy in Wilms tumor with contained retroperitoneal rupture. J Pediatr Surg. 2007;42:1595-1599.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17848255?tool=bestpractice.com这些情况会导致致残率和/或死亡率增加。
应在初期手术时对任何疑似转移性病变(肝脏或腹内)进行活检或切除。[152]Seseke F, Rebmann S, Zoller G, et al. Risk factors for perioperative complications in renal surgery for Wilms tumor (in German). Aktuelle Urol. 2007;38:46-51.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17290329?tool=bestpractice.com[153]Safdar CA, Aslam M, Awan SH, et al. Wilms' tumour: a comparison of surgical aspects in patients with or without pre-operative chemotherapy. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2006;16:521-524.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16899180?tool=bestpractice.com[154]Paya K, Horcher E, Lawrenz K, et al. Bilateral Wilms tumor - surgical aspects. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2001;11:99-104.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11371044?tool=bestpractice.com如果手术可行,任何残留疾病仍需在化疗 6 周(如果是腹内)或 12 周(如果是肺部)后进行切除。[1]D'Angio GJ. The National Wilms Tumor Study: a 40 year perspective. Lifetime Data Anal. 2007;13:463-470.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18027087?tool=bestpractice.com
Wilms 瘤对化疗敏感。SIOP/UKCCSG 推荐的治疗策略不同于 NWTSG/COG 推荐的治疗策略。[10]van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Grundy P, Graf N, et al. Characteristics and survival of 750 children diagnosed with a renal tumor in the first seven months of life: a collaborative study by the SIOP/GPOH/SFOP, NWTSG, and UKCCSG Wilms tumor study groups. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50:1130-1134.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18095319?tool=bestpractice.com[99]Vujanic GM, Kelsey A, Mitchell C, et al. The role of biopsy in the diagnosis of renal tumors of childhood: Results of the UKCCSG Wilms tumor study 3. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2003;40:18-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12426681?tool=bestpractice.com[120]Spreafico F, Terenziani M, Fossati-Bellani F, et al. Revised SIOP working classification of renal tumors of childhood. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2003;41:102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12764768?tool=bestpractice.com[121]Reinhard H, Semler O, Burger D, et al. Results of the SIOP 93-01/GPOH trial and study for the treatment of patients with unilateral nonmetastatic Wilms Tumor. Klin Padiatr. 2004;216:132-140.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15175957?tool=bestpractice.com[122]de Kraker J, Graf N, van Tinteren H, et al. Reduction of postoperative chemotherapy in children with stage I intermediate-risk and anaplastic Wilms tumour (SIOP 93-01 trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:1229-1235.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15464183?tool=bestpractice.com[141]Graf N, Tournade MF, de Kraker J. The role of preoperative chemotherapy in the management of Wilms tumor. The SIOP studies. International Society of Pediatric Oncology. Urol Clin North Am. 2000;27:443-454.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10985144?tool=bestpractice.com[155]Breslow N, Sharples K, Beckwith JB, et al. Prognostic factors in nonmetastatic, favorable histology Wilms tumor: results of the Third National Wilms Tumor Study. Cancer. 1991;68:2345-2353.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1657352?tool=bestpractice.com[156]Breslow N, Churchill G, Beckwith JB, et al. Prognosis for Wilms' tumor patients with nonmetastatic disease at diagnosis: results of the second National Wilms Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol. 1985;3:521-531.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2984345?tool=bestpractice.com[157]Goodwin WE. The national Wilms tumor study: a progress report. J Urol. 1974;112:413.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4369947?tool=bestpractice.com[158]Reinhard H, Aliani S, Ruebe C, et al. Wilms' tumor in adults: results of the Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) 93-01/Society for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology (GPOH) Study. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:4500-4506.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15542800?tool=bestpractice.com[159]Graf N, Semler O, Reinhard H. Prognosis of Wilm's tumor in the course of the SIOP trials and studies (in German). Urologe A. 2004;43:421-428.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15042291?tool=bestpractice.com[160]Burger D, Moorman-Voestermans CG, Mildenberger H, et al. The advantages of preoperative therapy in Wilms tumour: a summarised report on clinical trials conducted by the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP). Z Kinderchir. 1985;40:170-175.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2994320?tool=bestpractice.com[161]D'Angio GJ. SIOP (International Society of Paediatric Oncology) and the management of Wilms' tumor. J Clin Oncol. 1983;1:595-596.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6321672?tool=bestpractice.com[162]Ablett S, Pinkerton CR. Recruiting children into cancer trials - role of the United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group (UKCCSG). Br J Cancer. 2003;88:1661-1665.http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v88/n11/full/6600990a.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12771976?tool=bestpractice.com[163]Mitchell C, Jones PM, Kelsey A, et al. The treatment of Wilms' tumour: results of the United Kingdom Children's cancer study group (UKCCSG) second Wilms' tumour study. Br J Cancer. 2000;83:602-608.http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v83/n5/pdf/6691338a.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10944599?tool=bestpractice.com[164]Godzinski J, Tournade MF, de Kraker J, et al. The role of preoperative chemotherapy in the treatment of nephroblastoma: the SIOP experience. Societe Internationale d'Oncologie Pediatrique. Semin Urol Oncol. 1999;17:28-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10073403?tool=bestpractice.com[165]Lemerle J, Voute PA, Tournade MF, et al. Effectiveness of preoperative chemotherapy in Wilms tumor: results of an International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) clinical trial. J Clin Oncol. 1983;1:604-609.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6321673?tool=bestpractice.com[166]de Kraker J, Voute PA, Lemerle J, et al. Preoperative chemotherapy in Wilms tumour. Results of clinical trials and studies on nephroblastomas conducted by the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP). Prog Clin Biol Res. 1982;100:131-144.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6292926?tool=bestpractice.com[167]Levie NS, de Kraker J, Bokkerink JP, et al. SIOP treatment guidelines for renal tumours in small infants: fact or fantasy? Eur J Surg Oncol. 2000;26:567-570.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11034807?tool=bestpractice.com[168]Hempel L, Kremens B, Weirich A, et al. High dose consolidation with autologous stem cell rescue (ASCR) for nephroblastoma initially treated according to the SIOP 9/GPOH trial and study. Klin Padiatr. 1996;208:186-189.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8776705?tool=bestpractice.com两种治疗策略分别为,进行术前和术后化疗,或只进行术后化疗。[13]Ritchey ML, Shamberger RC, Hamilton T, et al. Fate of bilateral renal lesions missed on preoperative imaging: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. J Urol. 2005;174:1519-1521.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16148643?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Mitchell C, Pritchard-Jones K, Shannon R, et al. Immediate nephrectomy versus preoperative chemotherapy in the management of non-metastatic Wilms tumour: results of a randomised trial (UKW3) by the UK Children's Cancer Study Group. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42:2554-2562.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16904312?tool=bestpractice.com[141]Graf N, Tournade MF, de Kraker J. The role of preoperative chemotherapy in the management of Wilms tumor. The SIOP studies. International Society of Pediatric Oncology. Urol Clin North Am. 2000;27:443-454.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10985144?tool=bestpractice.com[169]Greenberg M, Burnweit C, Filler R, et al. Preoperative chemotherapy for children with Wilms' tumor. J Pediatr Surg. 1991;26:949-953.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1656009?tool=bestpractice.com[170]Bogaert GA, Heremans B, Renard M, et al. Does preoperative chemotherapy ease the surgical procedure for Wilms tumor? J Urol. 2009;182(4 suppl):1869-1874.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19692015?tool=bestpractice.com除这一差别外,两种策略似乎都能产生极好的治疗效果。
SIOP/UKCCSG 建议不论何种初始分期,均在尝试任何切除术前进行前期化疗,因为他们相信这可缩小肿瘤体积,使其更适合切除,从而降低术后并发症。该策略不影响总生存率。[141]Graf N, Tournade MF, de Kraker J. The role of preoperative chemotherapy in the management of Wilms tumor. The SIOP studies. International Society of Pediatric Oncology. Urol Clin North Am. 2000;27:443-454.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10985144?tool=bestpractice.com[160]Burger D, Moorman-Voestermans CG, Mildenberger H, et al. The advantages of preoperative therapy in Wilms tumour: a summarised report on clinical trials conducted by the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP). Z Kinderchir. 1985;40:170-175.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2994320?tool=bestpractice.com[164]Godzinski J, Tournade MF, de Kraker J, et al. The role of preoperative chemotherapy in the treatment of nephroblastoma: the SIOP experience. Societe Internationale d'Oncologie Pediatrique. Semin Urol Oncol. 1999;17:28-32.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10073403?tool=bestpractice.com[165]Lemerle J, Voute PA, Tournade MF, et al. Effectiveness of preoperative chemotherapy in Wilms tumor: results of an International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) clinical trial. J Clin Oncol. 1983;1:604-609.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6321673?tool=bestpractice.com[166]de Kraker J, Voute PA, Lemerle J, et al. Preoperative chemotherapy in Wilms tumour. Results of clinical trials and studies on nephroblastomas conducted by the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP). Prog Clin Biol Res. 1982;100:131-144.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6292926?tool=bestpractice.com
然而,NWTSG 认为该策略会导致肿瘤分期不准确和潜在治疗不足或治疗过度,并且不提高总生存率。[1]D'Angio GJ. The National Wilms Tumor Study: a 40 year perspective. Lifetime Data Anal. 2007;13:463-470.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18027087?tool=bestpractice.com[167]Levie NS, de Kraker J, Bokkerink JP, et al. SIOP treatment guidelines for renal tumours in small infants: fact or fantasy? Eur J Surg Oncol. 2000;26:567-570.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11034807?tool=bestpractice.com[171]Zoeller G, Pekrun A, Lakomek M, et al. Staging problems in the pre-operative chemotherapy of Wilms' tumour. Br J Urol. 1995;76:501-503.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7551893?tool=bestpractice.com[172]D'Angio GJ. Successful symbiosis: Norman E. Breslow, Ph.D. and the National Wilms Tumor Study. Lifetime Data Anal. 2007;13:443-444.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18004657?tool=bestpractice.com他们建议仅在以下情况下进行术前化疗:肿瘤扩散至肝静脉上方的下腔静脉时,就诊时原发性肿瘤无法切除时,或双肾均受累时。
所有 III 期肿瘤接受侧腹部照射或全腹部照射。有肺转移且在化疗第 6 周未显示完全反应的原发性有利组织学 Wilms 瘤患者接受全肺照射(有完全反应的患者仅接受腹部/侧腹部照射)。但该策略与 SIOP 治疗策略不同,SIOP 治疗策略需要在所有高风险肿瘤病例中进行肺照射,不管治疗反应如何。肝、淋巴结、脑或骨中的转移性病变根据特定的已发表指南接受照射。[173]Breslow NE, Beckwith JB, Haase GM, et al. Radiation therapy for favorable histology Wilms tumor: prevention of flank recurrence did not improve survival on National Wilms Tumor Studies 3 and 4. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;65:203-209.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16542795http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16542795?tool=bestpractice.com[174]Canning DA. Pregnancy outcomes after abdominal irradiation that included or excluded the pelvis in childhood Wilms tumor survivors: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study. J Urol. 2005;174:719-720.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16006959?tool=bestpractice.com[175]Kalapurakal JA, Peterson S, Peabody EM, et al. Pregnancy outcomes after abdominal irradiation that included or excluded the pelvis in childhood Wilms tumor survivors: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;58:1364-1368.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15050311?tool=bestpractice.com[176]Flentje M, Weirich A, Graf N, et al. Abdominal irradiation in unilateral nephroblastoma and its impact on local control and survival. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;40:163-169.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9422573?tool=bestpractice.com[177]Taylor RE. Morbidity from abdominal radiotherapy in the First United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group Wilms Tumour Study. United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol ). 1997;9:381-384.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9448966?tool=bestpractice.com
建议进行前期肾切除术,然后根据肿瘤分期和组织学进行化疗和/或放射治疗。对于 NWTSG 组织学分类定义为组织学有利的患者,建议进行以下治疗。COG 根据分期、组织学和生物因素将有利的组织学 Wilms 瘤细分成以下复发风险类别:
极低风险:年龄小于 2 岁,肿瘤重量小于 550 g,I 期,任何杂合性缺失 (LOH) 状态
低风险:任何年龄或肿瘤重量,I 期或 II 期,但 1p 和 16q 处无 LOH
标准风险:I 期肿瘤大于 550 g,1p 和 16q 处有 LOH,或有 LOH 的 II 期肿瘤,或无 LOH 的 III/IV 期肿瘤
高风险:1p 和 16q 处有 LOH 的 III 或 IV 期肿瘤
I 期:
COG 极低风险:目前研究正在评估肾切除术后进行单纯观察(COG 研究 #AREN0532);但根据已发表的 NWTSG-5 指南(被视为标准治疗),如果这些患者未进行试验性治疗,则使用 EE-4A 方案治疗。[1]D'Angio GJ. The National Wilms Tumor Study: a 40 year perspective. Lifetime Data Anal. 2007;13:463-470.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18027087?tool=bestpractice.com[144]Grundy PE, Breslow NE, Li S, et al. Loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes 1p and 16q is an adverse prognostic factor in favorable-histology Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7312-7321.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129848?tool=bestpractice.com不推荐放射治疗[1]D'Angio GJ. The National Wilms Tumor Study: a 40 year perspective. Lifetime Data Anal. 2007;13:463-470.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18027087?tool=bestpractice.com[17]Grundy P, Breslow N, Green DM, et al. Prognostic factors for children with recurrent Wilms' tumor: results from the Second and Third National Wilms' Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol. 1989;7:638-647.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2540289?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Breslow NE, Beckwith JB. Epidemiological features of Wilms' tumor: results of the National Wilms' Tumor Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1982;68:429-436.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6278194?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Breslow NE, Collins AJ, Ritchey ML, et al. End stage renal disease in patients with Wilms tumor: results from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group and the United States Renal Data System. J Urol. 2005;174:1972-1975.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16217371http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16217371?tool=bestpractice.com[173]Breslow NE, Beckwith JB, Haase GM, et al. Radiation therapy for favorable histology Wilms tumor: prevention of flank recurrence did not improve survival on National Wilms Tumor Studies 3 and 4. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;65:203-209.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16542795http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16542795?tool=bestpractice.com[178]Green DM, Breslow NE, Beckwith JB, et al. Treatment outcomes in patients less than 2 years of age with small, stage I, favorable-histology Wilms tumors: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:91-95.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8380295?tool=bestpractice.com
COG 低风险:肾切除术后用 EE-4A 方案进行术后化疗(COG 研究 #AREN0532)。不推荐放射治疗。[1]D'Angio GJ. The National Wilms Tumor Study: a 40 year perspective. Lifetime Data Anal. 2007;13:463-470.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18027087?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Green DM. The treatment of stages I-IV favorable histology Wilms' tumor. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:1366-1372.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15084612?tool=bestpractice.com[173]Breslow NE, Beckwith JB, Haase GM, et al. Radiation therapy for favorable histology Wilms tumor: prevention of flank recurrence did not improve survival on National Wilms Tumor Studies 3 and 4. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;65:203-209.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16542795http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16542795?tool=bestpractice.com[179]Kalapurakal JA, Nan B, Norkool P, et al. Treatment outcomes in adults with favorable histologic type Wilms tumor-an update from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;60:1379-1384.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15590168?tool=bestpractice.comNWTSG-5 指南(标准治疗)也推荐 EE-4A 方案。[1]D'Angio GJ. The National Wilms Tumor Study: a 40 year perspective. Lifetime Data Anal. 2007;13:463-470.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18027087?tool=bestpractice.com[144]Grundy PE, Breslow NE, Li S, et al. Loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes 1p and 16q is an adverse prognostic factor in favorable-histology Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7312-7321.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129848?tool=bestpractice.com
COG 标准风险:肾切除术后进行术后化疗。COG 推荐长春新碱、放线菌素 D 和多柔比星(DD-4A 方案)。但 NWTSG-5 指南(标准治疗)推荐 EE-4A 方案。[144]Grundy PE, Breslow NE, Li S, et al. Loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes 1p and 16q is an adverse prognostic factor in favorable-histology Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7312-7321.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129848?tool=bestpractice.com不推荐放射治疗。[1]D'Angio GJ. The National Wilms Tumor Study: a 40 year perspective. Lifetime Data Anal. 2007;13:463-470.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18027087?tool=bestpractice.com[144]Grundy PE, Breslow NE, Li S, et al. Loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes 1p and 16q is an adverse prognostic factor in favorable-histology Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7312-7321.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129848?tool=bestpractice.com[173]Breslow NE, Beckwith JB, Haase GM, et al. Radiation therapy for favorable histology Wilms tumor: prevention of flank recurrence did not improve survival on National Wilms Tumor Studies 3 and 4. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;65:203-209.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16542795http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16542795?tool=bestpractice.com[179]Kalapurakal JA, Nan B, Norkool P, et al. Treatment outcomes in adults with favorable histologic type Wilms tumor-an update from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;60:1379-1384.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15590168?tool=bestpractice.com[180]Green DM. The evolution of treatment for Wilms tumor. J Pediatr Surg. 2013;48:14-19.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23331787?tool=bestpractice.com
II 期:
COG 低风险:肾切除术后用 EE-4A 方案进行术后化疗。NWTSG-5 指南(标准治疗)也推荐 EE-4A 方案。[144]Grundy PE, Breslow NE, Li S, et al. Loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes 1p and 16q is an adverse prognostic factor in favorable-histology Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7312-7321.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129848?tool=bestpractice.com不推荐放射治疗[1]D'Angio GJ. The National Wilms Tumor Study: a 40 year perspective. Lifetime Data Anal. 2007;13:463-470.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18027087?tool=bestpractice.com[10]van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Grundy P, Graf N, et al. Characteristics and survival of 750 children diagnosed with a renal tumor in the first seven months of life: a collaborative study by the SIOP/GPOH/SFOP, NWTSG, and UKCCSG Wilms tumor study groups. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50:1130-1134.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18095319?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Green DM. The treatment of stages I-IV favorable histology Wilms' tumor. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:1366-1372.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15084612?tool=bestpractice.com[145]de Kraker J, Jones KP. Treatment of Wilms tumor: an international perspective. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:3156-3157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15860881?tool=bestpractice.com[179]Kalapurakal JA, Nan B, Norkool P, et al. Treatment outcomes in adults with favorable histologic type Wilms tumor-an update from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;60:1379-1384.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15590168?tool=bestpractice.com
COG 标准风险:肾切除术后进行术后化疗。COG 推荐 DD-4A 方案(如果存在 LOH);但 NWTSG-5 指南(标准治疗)推荐 EE-4A 方案。[144]Grundy PE, Breslow NE, Li S, et al. Loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes 1p and 16q is an adverse prognostic factor in favorable-histology Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7312-7321.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129848?tool=bestpractice.com不推荐放射治疗。[1]D'Angio GJ. The National Wilms Tumor Study: a 40 year perspective. Lifetime Data Anal. 2007;13:463-470.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18027087?tool=bestpractice.com[10]van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Grundy P, Graf N, et al. Characteristics and survival of 750 children diagnosed with a renal tumor in the first seven months of life: a collaborative study by the SIOP/GPOH/SFOP, NWTSG, and UKCCSG Wilms tumor study groups. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50:1130-1134.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18095319?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Green DM. The treatment of stages I-IV favorable histology Wilms' tumor. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:1366-1372.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15084612?tool=bestpractice.com[145]de Kraker J, Jones KP. Treatment of Wilms tumor: an international perspective. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:3156-3157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15860881?tool=bestpractice.com[172]D'Angio GJ. Successful symbiosis: Norman E. Breslow, Ph.D. and the National Wilms Tumor Study. Lifetime Data Anal. 2007;13:443-444.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18004657?tool=bestpractice.com[179]Kalapurakal JA, Nan B, Norkool P, et al. Treatment outcomes in adults with favorable histologic type Wilms tumor-an update from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;60:1379-1384.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15590168?tool=bestpractice.com增加治疗强度目前正在研究中(COG 研究 #AREN0532)。
III 期:
COG 标准风险:肾切除术后用 DD-4A 方案进行术后化疗和腹部/侧腹部照射(正在研究中,COG 研究 #AREN0532)。[1]D'Angio GJ. The National Wilms Tumor Study: a 40 year perspective. Lifetime Data Anal. 2007;13:463-470.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18027087?tool=bestpractice.com[83]Breslow NE, Collins AJ, Ritchey ML, et al. End stage renal disease in patients with Wilms tumor: results from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group and the United States Renal Data System. J Urol. 2005;174:1972-1975.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16217371http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16217371?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Green DM. The treatment of stages I-IV favorable histology Wilms' tumor. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:1366-1372.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15084612?tool=bestpractice.com[144]Grundy PE, Breslow NE, Li S, et al. Loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes 1p and 16q is an adverse prognostic factor in favorable-histology Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7312-7321.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129848?tool=bestpractice.com[173]Breslow NE, Beckwith JB, Haase GM, et al. Radiation therapy for favorable histology Wilms tumor: prevention of flank recurrence did not improve survival on National Wilms Tumor Studies 3 and 4. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;65:203-209.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16542795http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16542795?tool=bestpractice.com[172]D'Angio GJ. Successful symbiosis: Norman E. Breslow, Ph.D. and the National Wilms Tumor Study. Lifetime Data Anal. 2007;13:443-444.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18004657?tool=bestpractice.com[179]Kalapurakal JA, Nan B, Norkool P, et al. Treatment outcomes in adults with favorable histologic type Wilms tumor-an update from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;60:1379-1384.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15590168?tool=bestpractice.comNWTSG-5 指南(标准治疗)也推荐 DD-4A 方案[144]Grundy PE, Breslow NE, Li S, et al. Loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes 1p and 16q is an adverse prognostic factor in favorable-histology Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7312-7321.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129848?tool=bestpractice.com
COG 高风险:肾切除术后用 DD-4A 方案进行 6 周的术后化疗,然后改用 M 方案(长春新碱、放线菌素 D、多柔比星、环磷酰胺和依托泊苷),以及腹部/侧腹部照射(正在研究中,COG 研究 #AREN0533)。[1]D'Angio GJ. The National Wilms Tumor Study: a 40 year perspective. Lifetime Data Anal. 2007;13:463-470.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18027087?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Green DM. The treatment of stages I-IV favorable histology Wilms' tumor. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:1366-1372.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15084612?tool=bestpractice.com[144]Grundy PE, Breslow NE, Li S, et al. Loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes 1p and 16q is an adverse prognostic factor in favorable-histology Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7312-7321.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129848?tool=bestpractice.com[172]D'Angio GJ. Successful symbiosis: Norman E. Breslow, Ph.D. and the National Wilms Tumor Study. Lifetime Data Anal. 2007;13:443-444.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18004657?tool=bestpractice.comNWTSG-5 指南(标准治疗)推荐 DD-4A 方案。[144]Grundy PE, Breslow NE, Li S, et al. Loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes 1p and 16q is an adverse prognostic factor in favorable-histology Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7312-7321.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129848?tool=bestpractice.com
IV 期:
COG 标准风险:肾切除术后用 DD-4A 方案进行术后化疗和腹部/侧腹部照射[1]D'Angio GJ. The National Wilms Tumor Study: a 40 year perspective. Lifetime Data Anal. 2007;13:463-470.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18027087?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Green DM. The treatment of stages I-IV favorable histology Wilms' tumor. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:1366-1372.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15084612?tool=bestpractice.com[173]Breslow NE, Beckwith JB, Haase GM, et al. Radiation therapy for favorable histology Wilms tumor: prevention of flank recurrence did not improve survival on National Wilms Tumor Studies 3 and 4. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;65:203-209.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16542795http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16542795?tool=bestpractice.com[179]Kalapurakal JA, Nan B, Norkool P, et al. Treatment outcomes in adults with favorable histologic type Wilms tumor-an update from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;60:1379-1384.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15590168?tool=bestpractice.com
COG 高风险(转移性病变,在第 6 周时快速完全缓解):肾切除术后用 DD-4A 方案进行术后化疗和腹部/侧腹部照射,不进行双侧肺照射(正在研究中,COG 研究 #AREN0533)。[1]D'Angio GJ. The National Wilms Tumor Study: a 40 year perspective. Lifetime Data Anal. 2007;13:463-470.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18027087?tool=bestpractice.com[118]Green DM, Breslow NE, Evans I, et al. Treatment of children with stage IV favorable histology Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1996;26:147-152.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8544795?tool=bestpractice.com[144]Grundy PE, Breslow NE, Li S, et al. Loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes 1p and 16q is an adverse prognostic factor in favorable-histology Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7312-7321.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129848?tool=bestpractice.com最新结果显示,仅 CT 可见肺部病变可通过化疗提高无事件生存率,但不能从肺部照射中受益。[181]Grundy PE, Green DM, Dirks AC, et al. Clinical significance of pulmonary nodules detected by CT and Not CXR in patients treated for favorable histology Wilms tumor on national Wilms tumor studies-4 and -5: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012;59:631-635.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22422736?tool=bestpractice.comNWTSG-5 指南(标准治疗)也推荐 DD-4A 方案[144]Grundy PE, Breslow NE, Li S, et al. Loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes 1p and 16q is an adverse prognostic factor in favorable-histology Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7312-7321.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129848?tool=bestpractice.com
COG 高风险(转移性病变,在第 6 周时未完全缓解):肾切除术后用 DD-4A 方案进行术后化疗和腹部/腰部照射。如果存在不完全/缓慢的肺部病变缓解,则患者应接受全肺照射并改用 M 方案化疗(该策略正在研究中,COG 研究 #AREN0533)。[1]D'Angio GJ. The National Wilms Tumor Study: a 40 year perspective. Lifetime Data Anal. 2007;13:463-470.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18027087?tool=bestpractice.com[10]van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Grundy P, Graf N, et al. Characteristics and survival of 750 children diagnosed with a renal tumor in the first seven months of life: a collaborative study by the SIOP/GPOH/SFOP, NWTSG, and UKCCSG Wilms tumor study groups. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50:1130-1134.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18095319?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Green DM. The treatment of stages I-IV favorable histology Wilms' tumor. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:1366-1372.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15084612?tool=bestpractice.com[116]Dome JS, Cotton CA, Perlman EJ, et al. Treatment of anaplastic histology Wilms' tumor: results from the fifth National Wilms' Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2352-2358.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710034?tool=bestpractice.com[118]Green DM, Breslow NE, Evans I, et al. Treatment of children with stage IV favorable histology Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1996;26:147-152.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8544795?tool=bestpractice.com[119]Gratias EJ, Dome JS. Current and emerging chemotherapy treatment strategies for Wilms tumor in North America. Paediatr Drugs. 2008;10:115-124.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18345721?tool=bestpractice.com[144]Grundy PE, Breslow NE, Li S, et al. Loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes 1p and 16q is an adverse prognostic factor in favorable-histology Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7312-7321.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129848?tool=bestpractice.com[179]Kalapurakal JA, Nan B, Norkool P, et al. Treatment outcomes in adults with favorable histologic type Wilms tumor-an update from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;60:1379-1384.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15590168?tool=bestpractice.comNWTSG-5 指南(标准治疗)也推荐 DD-4A 方案。[144]Grundy PE, Breslow NE, Li S, et al. Loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes 1p and 16q is an adverse prognostic factor in favorable-histology Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7312-7321.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129848?tool=bestpractice.com
V 期:
使用术前化疗和进行延迟的部分肾切除术可最大可能避免根治性肾切除术[11]Coppes MJ, de Kraker J, van Dijken PJ, et al. Bilateral Wilms tumor: long-term survival and some epidemiological features. J Clin Oncol. 1989;7:310-315.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2537383?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Montgomery BT, Kelalis PP, Blute ML, et al. Extended followup of bilateral Wilms tumor: results of the National Wilms Tumor Study. J Urol. 1991;146:514-518.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1650403?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Horwitz JR, Ritchey ML, Moksness J, et al. Renal salvage procedures in patients with synchronous bilateral Wilms tumors: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;31:1020-1025.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8863224?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Ritchey ML, Green DM, Breslow NB, et al. Accuracy of current imaging modalities in the diagnosis of synchronous bilateral Wilms' tumor. A report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Cancer. 1995;75:600-604.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7812929?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Neville H, Ritchey ML, Shamberger RC, et al. The occurrence of Wilms tumor in horseshoe kidneys: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group (NWTSG). J Pediatr Surg. 2002;37:1134-1137.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12149688?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Feusner JH, Ritchey ML, Norkool PA, et al. Renal failure does not preclude cure in children receiving chemotherapy for Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50:242-245.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17458877?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Coppes MJ, Arnold M, Beckwith JB, et al. Factors affecting the risk of contralateral Wilms tumor development: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Cancer. 1999;85:1616-1625.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10193955?tool=bestpractice.com[182]Oesterling JE, Jeffs RD. Metachronous bilateral Wilms tumor. Report of longest-known survivor and guidelines for conservative management. Urology. 1987;30:341-346.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2821666?tool=bestpractice.com[183]Ehrlich RM, Shanberg AM, Asch MJ, et al. Bilateral nephrectomy for Wilms tumor. J Urol. 1986;136:308-311.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3014169?tool=bestpractice.com[184]Regalado JJ, Rodriguez MM, Toledano S. Bilaterally multicentric synchronous Wilms' tumor: successful conservative treatment despite persistence of nephrogenic rests. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1997;28:420-423.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9143386?tool=bestpractice.com
每侧应分别进行分期并进行相应的治疗。但,部分肾切除术对高风险患者来说不足够,因为复发率较高[1]D'Angio GJ. The National Wilms Tumor Study: a 40 year perspective. Lifetime Data Anal. 2007;13:463-470.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18027087?tool=bestpractice.com[2]Kaste SC, Dome JS, Babyn PS, et al. Wilms tumour: prognostic factors, staging, therapy and late effects. Pediatr Radiol. 2008;38:2-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18026723?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Coppes MJ, de Kraker J, van Dijken PJ, et al. Bilateral Wilms tumor: long-term survival and some epidemiological features. J Clin Oncol. 1989;7:310-315.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2537383?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Montgomery BT, Kelalis PP, Blute ML, et al. Extended followup of bilateral Wilms tumor: results of the National Wilms Tumor Study. J Urol. 1991;146:514-518.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1650403?tool=bestpractice.com[116]Dome JS, Cotton CA, Perlman EJ, et al. Treatment of anaplastic histology Wilms' tumor: results from the fifth National Wilms' Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2352-2358.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710034?tool=bestpractice.com[144]Grundy PE, Breslow NE, Li S, et al. Loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes 1p and 16q is an adverse prognostic factor in favorable-histology Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7312-7321.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129848?tool=bestpractice.com
罕见情况下,双侧广泛病变可导致肾功能衰竭且需要肾移植。[14]Horwitz JR, Ritchey ML, Moksness J, et al. Renal salvage procedures in patients with synchronous bilateral Wilms tumors: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;31:1020-1025.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8863224?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Feusner JH, Ritchey ML, Norkool PA, et al. Renal failure does not preclude cure in children receiving chemotherapy for Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50:242-245.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17458877?tool=bestpractice.com[185]Aronson DC, Slaar A, Heinen RC, et al. Long-term outcome of bilateral Wilms tumors (BWT). Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2011;56:1110-1113.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21370428?tool=bestpractice.com
对于有不利组织学的患者,治疗因间变是局灶性还是弥漫性而异(目前 COG 的建议旨在解决 NWTSG-5 研究中有不利组织学患者的高失败率)。[1]D'Angio GJ. The National Wilms Tumor Study: a 40 year perspective. Lifetime Data Anal. 2007;13:463-470.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18027087?tool=bestpractice.com[10]van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Grundy P, Graf N, et al. Characteristics and survival of 750 children diagnosed with a renal tumor in the first seven months of life: a collaborative study by the SIOP/GPOH/SFOP, NWTSG, and UKCCSG Wilms tumor study groups. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50:1130-1134.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18095319?tool=bestpractice.com[90]Green DM. The treatment of stages I-IV favorable histology Wilms' tumor. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:1366-1372.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15084612?tool=bestpractice.com[116]Dome JS, Cotton CA, Perlman EJ, et al. Treatment of anaplastic histology Wilms' tumor: results from the fifth National Wilms' Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2352-2358.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710034?tool=bestpractice.com[145]de Kraker J, Jones KP. Treatment of Wilms tumor: an international perspective. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:3156-3157.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15860881?tool=bestpractice.com
I 期:
局灶性或弥漫性:肾切除术后用 DD-4A 方案进行术后化疗和侧腹部照射。[116]Dome JS, Cotton CA, Perlman EJ, et al. Treatment of anaplastic histology Wilms' tumor: results from the fifth National Wilms' Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2352-2358.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710034?tool=bestpractice.com该建议(目前正在研究中)旨在解决依照 NWTSG-5 指南采用 EE-4A 治疗的患者中的高失败率。[116]Dome JS, Cotton CA, Perlman EJ, et al. Treatment of anaplastic histology Wilms' tumor: results from the fifth National Wilms' Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2352-2358.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710034?tool=bestpractice.com[144]Grundy PE, Breslow NE, Li S, et al. Loss of heterozygosity for chromosomes 1p and 16q is an adverse prognostic factor in favorable-histology Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:7312-7321.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129848?tool=bestpractice.com
II 期:
局灶性:肾切除术后用 DD-4A 方案进行术后化疗和侧腹部照射[1]D'Angio GJ. The National Wilms Tumor Study: a 40 year perspective. Lifetime Data Anal. 2007;13:463-470.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18027087?tool=bestpractice.com[116]Dome JS, Cotton CA, Perlman EJ, et al. Treatment of anaplastic histology Wilms' tumor: results from the fifth National Wilms' Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2352-2358.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710034?tool=bestpractice.com
弥漫性:肾切除术后用长春新碱、多柔比星、环磷酰胺、卡铂和依托泊苷(修订版 UH-1 方案)进行术后化疗(COG 研究 #AREN0321)和侧腹部照射。[116]Dome JS, Cotton CA, Perlman EJ, et al. Treatment of anaplastic histology Wilms' tumor: results from the fifth National Wilms' Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2352-2358.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710034?tool=bestpractice.com
III 期:
局灶性:肾切除术后用 DD-4A 方案进行术后化疗和腹部/侧腹部照射,进一步消除残留肿瘤[116]Dome JS, Cotton CA, Perlman EJ, et al. Treatment of anaplastic histology Wilms' tumor: results from the fifth National Wilms' Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2352-2358.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710034?tool=bestpractice.com
弥漫性:肾切除术后用修订版 UH-1 方案进行术后化疗和腹部/侧腹部照射,进一步消除残留肿瘤。[116]Dome JS, Cotton CA, Perlman EJ, et al. Treatment of anaplastic histology Wilms' tumor: results from the fifth National Wilms' Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2352-2358.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710034?tool=bestpractice.com
IV 期:
局灶性或弥漫性:对化疗反应不良/部分反应的患者,肾切除术后用 UH-1 方案或 UH-2 方案(修订版 UH-1 加长春新碱和伊立替康)进行术后化疗和腹部/侧腹部照射,进一步消除残留肿瘤。[116]Dome JS, Cotton CA, Perlman EJ, et al. Treatment of anaplastic histology Wilms' tumor: results from the fifth National Wilms' Tumor Study. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2352-2358.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710034?tool=bestpractice.com有肺部转移的患者接受全肺照射。
V 期:
每侧应分别进行分期并根据上述指南进行治疗。[11]Coppes MJ, de Kraker J, van Dijken PJ, et al. Bilateral Wilms tumor: long-term survival and some epidemiological features. J Clin Oncol. 1989;7:310-315.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2537383?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Montgomery BT, Kelalis PP, Blute ML, et al. Extended followup of bilateral Wilms tumor: results of the National Wilms Tumor Study. J Urol. 1991;146:514-518.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1650403?tool=bestpractice.com[14]Horwitz JR, Ritchey ML, Moksness J, et al. Renal salvage procedures in patients with synchronous bilateral Wilms tumors: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;31:1020-1025.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8863224?tool=bestpractice.com[38]Ritchey ML, Green DM, Breslow NB, et al. Accuracy of current imaging modalities in the diagnosis of synchronous bilateral Wilms' tumor. A report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Cancer. 1995;75:600-604.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7812929?tool=bestpractice.com[47]Neville H, Ritchey ML, Shamberger RC, et al. The occurrence of Wilms tumor in horseshoe kidneys: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group (NWTSG). J Pediatr Surg. 2002;37:1134-1137.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12149688?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Feusner JH, Ritchey ML, Norkool PA, et al. Renal failure does not preclude cure in children receiving chemotherapy for Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50:242-245.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17458877?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Coppes MJ, Arnold M, Beckwith JB, et al. Factors affecting the risk of contralateral Wilms tumor development: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Cancer. 1999;85:1616-1625.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10193955?tool=bestpractice.com[182]Oesterling JE, Jeffs RD. Metachronous bilateral Wilms tumor. Report of longest-known survivor and guidelines for conservative management. Urology. 1987;30:341-346.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2821666?tool=bestpractice.com[183]Ehrlich RM, Shanberg AM, Asch MJ, et al. Bilateral nephrectomy for Wilms tumor. J Urol. 1986;136:308-311.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3014169?tool=bestpractice.com
建议在肾切除术前进行术前化疗,然后根据 SIOP 术后肿瘤分期和组织学进行术后化疗和/或照射。[99]Vujanic GM, Kelsey A, Mitchell C, et al. The role of biopsy in the diagnosis of renal tumors of childhood: Results of the UKCCSG Wilms tumor study 3. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2003;40:18-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12426681?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Mitchell C, Pritchard-Jones K, Shannon R, et al. Immediate nephrectomy versus preoperative chemotherapy in the management of non-metastatic Wilms tumour: results of a randomised trial (UKW3) by the UK Children's Cancer Study Group. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42:2554-2562.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16904312?tool=bestpractice.com[120]Spreafico F, Terenziani M, Fossati-Bellani F, et al. Revised SIOP working classification of renal tumors of childhood. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2003;41:102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12764768?tool=bestpractice.com[121]Reinhard H, Semler O, Burger D, et al. Results of the SIOP 93-01/GPOH trial and study for the treatment of patients with unilateral nonmetastatic Wilms Tumor. Klin Padiatr. 2004;216:132-140.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15175957?tool=bestpractice.com[122]de Kraker J, Graf N, van Tinteren H, et al. Reduction of postoperative chemotherapy in children with stage I intermediate-risk and anaplastic Wilms tumour (SIOP 93-01 trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:1229-1235.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15464183?tool=bestpractice.com[146]Weirich A, Ludwig R, Graf N, et al. Survival in nephroblastoma treated according to the trial and study SIOP-9/GPOH with respect to relapse and morbidity. Ann Oncol. 2004;15:808-820.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/15/5/808http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15111352?tool=bestpractice.com[158]Reinhard H, Aliani S, Ruebe C, et al. Wilms' tumor in adults: results of the Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) 93-01/Society for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology (GPOH) Study. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:4500-4506.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15542800?tool=bestpractice.com[159]Graf N, Semler O, Reinhard H. Prognosis of Wilm's tumor in the course of the SIOP trials and studies (in German). Urologe A. 2004;43:421-428.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15042291?tool=bestpractice.com[186]Pritchard-Jones K, Moroz V, Vujanic G, et al. Treatment and outcome of Wilms' tumour patients: an analysis of all cases registered in the UKW3 trial. Ann Oncol. 2012;23:2457-2463.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22415585?tool=bestpractice.comSIOP 组织学分类将各分期(从 I 到 IV)患者分为 3 组:低风险、中等风险和高风险。
I 期:
SIOP 低风险:用长春新碱和放线菌素 D (VA 方案)进行 4 周术前化疗,然后进行肾切除术,不进行术后化疗或照射
SIOP 中等风险或高风险:进行术前化疗(4 周 VA 方案),然后进行肾切除术和术后化疗(4 周 VA 方案)。
II 期:
II 期肿瘤特征是无淋巴结累及
SIOP 低风险或中等风险:在进行肾切除术之前,用长春新碱和放线菌素 D(VA 方案)进行 4 周术前化疗,然后进行术后化疗。低风险患者接受 VA 方案,而中等风险患者接受 27 周放线菌素 D、长春新碱和多柔比星(AVA 方案)。有弥漫性间变的患者还应接受局部照射。[99]Vujanic GM, Kelsey A, Mitchell C, et al. The role of biopsy in the diagnosis of renal tumors of childhood: Results of the UKCCSG Wilms tumor study 3. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2003;40:18-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12426681?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Mitchell C, Pritchard-Jones K, Shannon R, et al. Immediate nephrectomy versus preoperative chemotherapy in the management of non-metastatic Wilms tumour: results of a randomised trial (UKW3) by the UK Children's Cancer Study Group. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42:2554-2562.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16904312?tool=bestpractice.com[120]Spreafico F, Terenziani M, Fossati-Bellani F, et al. Revised SIOP working classification of renal tumors of childhood. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2003;41:102.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12764768?tool=bestpractice.com[121]Reinhard H, Semler O, Burger D, et al. Results of the SIOP 93-01/GPOH trial and study for the treatment of patients with unilateral nonmetastatic Wilms Tumor. Klin Padiatr. 2004;216:132-140.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15175957?tool=bestpractice.com[122]de Kraker J, Graf N, van Tinteren H, et al. Reduction of postoperative chemotherapy in children with stage I intermediate-risk and anaplastic Wilms tumour (SIOP 93-01 trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:1229-1235.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15464183?tool=bestpractice.com
SIOP 高风险:在进行肾切除术之前,用 VA 方案进行 4 周术前化疗,然后用依托泊苷、卡铂、异环磷酰胺和多柔比星(ECIA 方案)进行 34 周的加强化疗,并增加照射剂量,包括肺照射。[99]Vujanic GM, Kelsey A, Mitchell C, et al. The role of biopsy in the diagnosis of renal tumors of childhood: Results of the UKCCSG Wilms tumor study 3. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2003;40:18-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12426681?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Mitchell C, Pritchard-Jones K, Shannon R, et al. Immediate nephrectomy versus preoperative chemotherapy in the management of non-metastatic Wilms tumour: results of a randomised trial (UKW3) by the UK Children's Cancer Study Group. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42:2554-2562.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16904312?tool=bestpractice.com[121]Reinhard H, Semler O, Burger D, et al. Results of the SIOP 93-01/GPOH trial and study for the treatment of patients with unilateral nonmetastatic Wilms Tumor. Klin Padiatr. 2004;216:132-140.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15175957?tool=bestpractice.com[122]de Kraker J, Graf N, van Tinteren H, et al. Reduction of postoperative chemotherapy in children with stage I intermediate-risk and anaplastic Wilms tumour (SIOP 93-01 trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:1229-1235.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15464183?tool=bestpractice.com[158]Reinhard H, Aliani S, Ruebe C, et al. Wilms' tumor in adults: results of the Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) 93-01/Society for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology (GPOH) Study. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:4500-4506.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15542800?tool=bestpractice.com
III 期:
SIOP 低风险或中等风险:在进行肾切除术之前,用 VA 方案进行 4 周术前化疗,然后用 AVA 方案进行术后化疗。建议对所有患者进行侧腹部和/或腹部照射(用于有腹膜扩散的患者)。[99]Vujanic GM, Kelsey A, Mitchell C, et al. The role of biopsy in the diagnosis of renal tumors of childhood: Results of the UKCCSG Wilms tumor study 3. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2003;40:18-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12426681?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Mitchell C, Pritchard-Jones K, Shannon R, et al. Immediate nephrectomy versus preoperative chemotherapy in the management of non-metastatic Wilms tumour: results of a randomised trial (UKW3) by the UK Children's Cancer Study Group. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42:2554-2562.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16904312?tool=bestpractice.com[121]Reinhard H, Semler O, Burger D, et al. Results of the SIOP 93-01/GPOH trial and study for the treatment of patients with unilateral nonmetastatic Wilms Tumor. Klin Padiatr. 2004;216:132-140.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15175957?tool=bestpractice.com[122]de Kraker J, Graf N, van Tinteren H, et al. Reduction of postoperative chemotherapy in children with stage I intermediate-risk and anaplastic Wilms tumour (SIOP 93-01 trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:1229-1235.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15464183?tool=bestpractice.com
SIOP 高风险:在进行肾切除术之前,用 VA 方案进行 4 周术前化疗,然后进行加强化疗(ECIA 方案)并增加照射剂量。[99]Vujanic GM, Kelsey A, Mitchell C, et al. The role of biopsy in the diagnosis of renal tumors of childhood: Results of the UKCCSG Wilms tumor study 3. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2003;40:18-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12426681?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Mitchell C, Pritchard-Jones K, Shannon R, et al. Immediate nephrectomy versus preoperative chemotherapy in the management of non-metastatic Wilms tumour: results of a randomised trial (UKW3) by the UK Children's Cancer Study Group. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42:2554-2562.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16904312?tool=bestpractice.com[121]Reinhard H, Semler O, Burger D, et al. Results of the SIOP 93-01/GPOH trial and study for the treatment of patients with unilateral nonmetastatic Wilms Tumor. Klin Padiatr. 2004;216:132-140.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15175957?tool=bestpractice.com[122]de Kraker J, Graf N, van Tinteren H, et al. Reduction of postoperative chemotherapy in children with stage I intermediate-risk and anaplastic Wilms tumour (SIOP 93-01 trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:1229-1235.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15464183?tool=bestpractice.com[158]Reinhard H, Aliani S, Ruebe C, et al. Wilms' tumor in adults: results of the Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) 93-01/Society for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology (GPOH) Study. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:4500-4506.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15542800?tool=bestpractice.com
IV 期:
SIOP 中等风险:根据患者对术前 6 周 AVA 方案的反应进行治疗。证明术前 AVA 方案完全缓解转移性病变的患者用类似于 III 期中等风险患者的方案治疗。如果转移性病变在 9 周后仍未完全缓解,则通过ECIA 方案加强治疗,然后进行照射。[99]Vujanic GM, Kelsey A, Mitchell C, et al. The role of biopsy in the diagnosis of renal tumors of childhood: Results of the UKCCSG Wilms tumor study 3. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2003;40:18-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12426681?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Mitchell C, Pritchard-Jones K, Shannon R, et al. Immediate nephrectomy versus preoperative chemotherapy in the management of non-metastatic Wilms tumour: results of a randomised trial (UKW3) by the UK Children's Cancer Study Group. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42:2554-2562.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16904312?tool=bestpractice.com[121]Reinhard H, Semler O, Burger D, et al. Results of the SIOP 93-01/GPOH trial and study for the treatment of patients with unilateral nonmetastatic Wilms Tumor. Klin Padiatr. 2004;216:132-140.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15175957?tool=bestpractice.com[122]de Kraker J, Graf N, van Tinteren H, et al. Reduction of postoperative chemotherapy in children with stage I intermediate-risk and anaplastic Wilms tumour (SIOP 93-01 trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:1229-1235.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15464183?tool=bestpractice.com[158]Reinhard H, Aliani S, Ruebe C, et al. Wilms' tumor in adults: results of the Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) 93-01/Society for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology (GPOH) Study. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:4500-4506.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15542800?tool=bestpractice.com[187]Berger M, Fernandez-Pineda I, Cabello R, et al. The relationship between the site of metastases and outcome in children with stage IV Wilms tumor: data from 3 European pediatric cancer institutions. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2013;35:518-524.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23588334?tool=bestpractice.com
SIOP 高风险:在进行肾切除术之前,用 AVA 方案进行 6 周术前化疗,然后进行加强化疗(ECIA 方案)并增加照射剂量,包括肺照射。[99]Vujanic GM, Kelsey A, Mitchell C, et al. The role of biopsy in the diagnosis of renal tumors of childhood: Results of the UKCCSG Wilms tumor study 3. Med Pediatr Oncol. 2003;40:18-22.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12426681?tool=bestpractice.com[100]Mitchell C, Pritchard-Jones K, Shannon R, et al. Immediate nephrectomy versus preoperative chemotherapy in the management of non-metastatic Wilms tumour: results of a randomised trial (UKW3) by the UK Children's Cancer Study Group. Eur J Cancer. 2006;42:2554-2562.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16904312?tool=bestpractice.com[121]Reinhard H, Semler O, Burger D, et al. Results of the SIOP 93-01/GPOH trial and study for the treatment of patients with unilateral nonmetastatic Wilms Tumor. Klin Padiatr. 2004;216:132-140.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15175957?tool=bestpractice.com[122]de Kraker J, Graf N, van Tinteren H, et al. Reduction of postoperative chemotherapy in children with stage I intermediate-risk and anaplastic Wilms tumour (SIOP 93-01 trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:1229-1235.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15464183?tool=bestpractice.com[158]Reinhard H, Aliani S, Ruebe C, et al. Wilms' tumor in adults: results of the Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) 93-01/Society for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology (GPOH) Study. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:4500-4506.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15542800?tool=bestpractice.com[187]Berger M, Fernandez-Pineda I, Cabello R, et al. The relationship between the site of metastases and outcome in children with stage IV Wilms tumor: data from 3 European pediatric cancer institutions. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2013;35:518-524.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23588334?tool=bestpractice.com
V 期:
通过术前化疗、手术和术后化疗来治疗
SIOP 93-01 方案主张进行保留肾单位手术;这可能包括肿瘤切除、楔形切除术、两端切除术、半肾切除术、一侧肾切除术,及部分切除术,从而避免双侧根治性肾切除术。[146]Weirich A, Ludwig R, Graf N, et al. Survival in nephroblastoma treated according to the trial and study SIOP-9/GPOH with respect to relapse and morbidity. Ann Oncol. 2004;15:808-820.http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/15/5/808http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15111352?tool=bestpractice.com[188]Boglino C, Inserra A, Madafferi S. A single-institution Wilms' tumor and localized neuroblastoma series. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 2004;93:74-77.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15176726?tool=bestpractice.com[189]Cozzi F, Schiavetti A, Morini F, et al. Re: partial nephrectomy for unilateral Wilms tumor: results of study SIOP 93-01/GPOH. J Urol. 2004;171:2383.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15126835?tool=bestpractice.com[190]Acosta D, Martinez-Ibanez V, Lloret J, et al. Partial nephrectomy in unilateral Wilms tumor. New draft for a protocol of the SIOP (in Spanish). Cir Pediatr. 2001;14:139-140.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12601960?tool=bestpractice.com[191]Hamilton TE, Ritchey ML, Haase GM, et al. The management of synchronous bilateral Wilms tumor: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Ann Surg. 2011;253:1004-1010.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21394016?tool=bestpractice.com[192]Kieran K, Davidoff AM. Nephron-sparing surgery for bilateral Wilms tumor. Pediatr Surg Int. 2015;31:229-236.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25633157?tool=bestpractice.com
复发性肿瘤应切除并分期,然后根据 NWTSG 指南用术后化疗和/或放疗进行治疗:[48]Green DM, Cotton CA, Malogolowkin M, et al. Treatment of Wilms tumor relapsing after initial treatment with vincristine and actinomycin D: a report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007;48:493-499.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16547940?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Malogolowkin M, Cotton CA, Green DM, et al. Treatment of Wilms tumor relapsing after initial treatment with vincristine, actinomycin D, and doxorubicin. A report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50:236-241.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17539021?tool=bestpractice.com[193]Speafico F, Pritchard Jones K, Malogolowkin MH, et al. Treatment of relapsed Wilms tumors: lessons learned. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2009;9:1807-1815.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19954292?tool=bestpractice.com
之前未治疗/观察的患者的腹内复发:I 期患者接受 EE-4A 化疗方案;II 期或 III 期患者接受 DD-4A 方案和腹部照射
之前未治疗/观察的患者的腹外复发:接受 DD-4A 方案和复发部位照射治疗
已接受化疗作为其初期治疗(复发前)一部分的患者:方案应包括依托泊苷联合环磷酰胺或卡铂。[50]Kim TH, Zaatari GS, Baum ES, et al. Recurrence of Wilms tumor after apparent cure. J Pediatr. 1985;107:44-49.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2989472?tool=bestpractice.com[49]Campbell AD, Cohn SL, Reynolds M, et al. Treatment of relapsed Wilms' tumor with high-dose therapy and autologous hematopoietic stem-cell rescue: the experience at Children's Memorial Hospital. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:2885-2890.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15254057?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Malogolowkin M, Cotton CA, Green DM, et al. Treatment of Wilms tumor relapsing after initial treatment with vincristine, actinomycin D, and doxorubicin. A report from the National Wilms Tumor Study Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;50:236-241.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17539021?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Thomas PR, Tefft M, Farewell VT, et al. Abdominal relapses in irradiated second National Wilms Tumor Study patients. J Clin Oncol. 1984;2:1098-1101.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6092550?tool=bestpractice.com[194]Burgers JM, Tournade MF, Bey P, et al. Abdominal recurrences in Wilms tumours: a report from the SIOP Wilms tumour trials and studies. Radiother Oncol. 1986;5:175-182.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3010386?tool=bestpractice.com在第 13 周/之后计划进行残留肿瘤的手术切除,然后进行巩固性照射治疗以达到完全局部控制,和维持性化疗。
对于有多个不良预后因素或多次复发的患者,可考虑使用自体干细胞移植或参与采用新化疗方案的临床试验。[49]Campbell AD, Cohn SL, Reynolds M, et al. Treatment of relapsed Wilms' tumor with high-dose therapy and autologous hematopoietic stem-cell rescue: the experience at Children's Memorial Hospital. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:2885-2890.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15254057?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Park ES, Kang HJ, Shin HY, et al. Improved survival in patients with recurrent Wilms tumor: the experience of the Seoul National University Children's Hospital. J Korean Med Sci. 2006;21:436-440.http://jkms.org/DOIx.php?id=10.3346/jkms.2006.21.3.436http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778385?tool=bestpractice.com[168]Hempel L, Kremens B, Weirich A, et al. High dose consolidation with autologous stem cell rescue (ASCR) for nephroblastoma initially treated according to the SIOP 9/GPOH trial and study. Klin Padiatr. 1996;208:186-189.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8776705?tool=bestpractice.com[195]Pein F, Michon J, Valteau-Couanet D, et al. High-dose melphalan, etoposide, and carboplatin followed by autologous stem-cell rescue in pediatric high-risk recurrent Wilms' tumor: a French Society of Pediatric Oncology study. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16:3295-3301.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9779704?tool=bestpractice.com[196]Presson A, Moore TB, Kempert P, et al. Efficacy of high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplant for recurrent Wilms' tumor: a meta-analysis. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2010;32:454-461.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20505538?tool=bestpractice.com[197]Venkatramani R, Malogolowkin MH, Mascarenhas L. Treatment of multiply relapsed wilms tumor with vincristine, irinotecan, temozolomide and bevacizumab. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2014;61:756-759.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24115645?tool=bestpractice.com[198]Malogolowkin M, Spreafico F, Dome JS, et al. Incidence and outcomes of patients with late recurrence of Wilms' tumor. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013;60:1612-1615.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23737480?tool=bestpractice.com[199]Spreafico F, Terenziani M, Testa S, et al. Long-term renal outcome in adolescent and young adult patients nephrectomized for unilateral Wilms tumor. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2014;61:1136-1137.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24273060?tool=bestpractice.com
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