包括弥漫大 B 细胞淋巴瘤、急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL;白细胞 [WBC] 计数为 50,000-100,000/μL)、急性髓系白血病(AML;WBC 计数为 10,000-50,000/μL)、慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL;WBC 计数为 10,000-100,000/μL 或用氟达拉滨治疗)、慢性粒细胞白血病 (CML)、多发性骨髓瘤以及对治疗敏感的实体瘤患者。[16]Coiffier B, Altman A, Pui CH, et al. Guidelines for the management of pediatric and adult tumor lysis syndrome: an evidence-based review. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:2767-2778.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509186?tool=bestpractice.com
开始全身细胞毒性治疗前 2 天,中等风险患者应静脉滴注等渗氯化钠溶液,维持 100 mL/小时(体重<10 kg 的儿童为 3 mL/kg/小时)的尿排出量。静脉补液可提高血管内容量,并增加肾血流量。[1]Cairo MS, Bishop M. Tumour lysis syndrome: new therapeutic strategies and classification. Br J Haematol. 2004;127:3-11.http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118748226/HTMLSTARThttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15384972?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Coiffier B, Altman A, Pui CH, et al. Guidelines for the management of pediatric and adult tumor lysis syndrome: an evidence-based review. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:2767-2778.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509186?tool=bestpractice.com 高肾小球滤过率通过提高尿酸和磷酸盐的清除以减少血流中的尿酸、磷酸盐及钾。
如果充分补足血容量后尿排出量欠佳,则可以使用袢利尿剂。[1]Cairo MS, Bishop M. Tumour lysis syndrome: new therapeutic strategies and classification. Br J Haematol. 2004;127:3-11.http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118748226/HTMLSTARThttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15384972?tool=bestpractice.com但袢利尿剂可能引起肾小管中的尿酸和磷酸钙沉淀,因此应避免用于有肾脏梗阻或血容量不足的患者。[24]Andreoli SP, Clark JH, McGuire WA, et al. Purine excretion during tumor lysis in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia receiving allopurinol: relationship to acute renal failure. J Pediatr. 1986;109:292-298.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3461147?tool=bestpractice.com
不常规推荐碱化尿液,尽管有些中心仍支持该方法。[16]Coiffier B, Altman A, Pui CH, et al. Guidelines for the management of pediatric and adult tumor lysis syndrome: an evidence-based review. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:2767-2778.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509186?tool=bestpractice.com若需要,可给予碳酸氢钠以升高尿 pH 值。缺乏证据支持其在预防尿酸性肾病时比单纯补足血容量更优,且存在高磷酸血症时,可能引起钙晶状沉淀。
给予磷酸盐结合剂(例如铝抗酸剂),以减少磷酸盐的肠道吸收。[1]Cairo MS, Bishop M. Tumour lysis syndrome: new therapeutic strategies and classification. Br J Haematol. 2004;127:3-11.http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118748226/HTMLSTARThttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15384972?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Coiffier B, Altman A, Pui CH, et al. Guidelines for the management of pediatric and adult tumor lysis syndrome: an evidence-based review. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:2767-2778.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509186?tool=bestpractice.com
别嘌呤醇是黄嘌呤氧化酶的竞争性抑制剂,可防止嘌呤降解为尿酸。虽然其可以防止生成尿酸,但无法破坏已生成的尿酸。[1]Cairo MS, Bishop M. Tumour lysis syndrome: new therapeutic strategies and classification. Br J Haematol. 2004;127:3-11.http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118748226/HTMLSTARThttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15384972?tool=bestpractice.com[16]Coiffier B, Altman A, Pui CH, et al. Guidelines for the management of pediatric and adult tumor lysis syndrome: an evidence-based review. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:2767-2778.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509186?tool=bestpractice.com经证明,其可以降低尿酸晶状沉淀相关的尿酸性肾病的发病率。[25]Hande KR, Hixson CV, Chabner BA. Postchemotherapy purine excretion in patients receiving allopurinol. Cancer Res. 1981;41:2273-2279.http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/cgi/reprint/41/6/2273http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7237428?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Smalley RV, Guaspari A, Haase-Statz S, et al. Allopurinol: intravenous use for prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18:1758-1763 (erratum in: J Clin Oncol 2000;18:2188).http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10764437?tool=bestpractice.com与嘌呤类化疗药(例如巯嘌呤或硫唑嘌呤)合用时,需减少这些药的剂量。禁与卡培他滨联合。
对于儿童患者,可考虑首先给予单一剂量的重组尿酸氧化酶(拉布立酶)。[5]Cortes J, Moore JO, Maziarz RT, et al. Control of plasma uric acid in adults at risk for tumor Lysis syndrome: efficacy and safety of rasburicase alone and rasburicase followed by allopurinol compared with allopurinol alone - results of a multicenter phase III study. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:4207-4213.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20713865?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Cheuk DK, Chiang AK, Chan CC, et al. Urate oxidase for the prevention and treatment of tumor lysis syndrome in children with cancer. Cochrane Databse Syst Rev. 2010;(6): CD006945.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD006945/pdf_fs.htmlhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20556770?tool=bestpractice.com其应该用于别嘌呤醇治疗高尿酸血症失败的成人患者。[16]Coiffier B, Altman A, Pui CH, et al. Guidelines for the management of pediatric and adult tumor lysis syndrome: an evidence-based review. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:2767-2778.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509186?tool=bestpractice.com