目前,脑恢复是指症状消失、恢复基线认知水平及用力时无症状。然而,尚不知道大脑在突触和细胞水平的恢复程度,以及是否不再有二次撞击导致的永久性损伤的风险。对于较年轻的成人,症状消失至少需 7~10 天,但对于非运动员人群以及儿童和青少年,所需时间可能明显更长。[62]Guskiewicz KM, Valovich McLeod TC. Pediatric sports-related concussion. PM R. 2011;3:353-364.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21497322?tool=bestpractice.com人们现正在认识到,即使对于运动员,症状消失后“脑恢复”仍持续很长时间。[63]McCrea M, Prichep L, Powell MR, et al. Acute effects and recovery after sport-related concussion: a neurocognitive and quantitative brain electrical activity study. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2010;25:283-292.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20611046?tool=bestpractice.com尽管脑震荡后有症状患者的确切百分比并不确定,但患者在急诊科被告知的典型消息(“您患有脑震荡,过几天就好了...”)和许多患者会经历认知、躯体及精神并发症这一现实仍然存在差异。
几乎 15% 的患者报告慢性脑震荡后症状。[6]McCrea MA. Mild traumatic brain injury and postconcussion syndrome: the new evidence base for diagnosis and treatment. Oxford Workshop Series. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2008.应识别常见的症状。对于有症状群(包括受伤后 1 个月仍有头痛和头晕)的患者,其损伤位置、类型及严重程度不同于脑震荡后数年仍有慢性疼痛、疲乏及记忆损伤的患者。[83]Marshall S, Bayley M, McCullagh S, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for mild traumatic brain injury and persistent symptoms. Can Fam Physician. 2012;58:257-267.http://www.cfp.ca/content/58/3/257.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22518895?tool=bestpractice.com有症状群的患者仍然被认为是处于急性损伤后阶段,因此可以更典型的方式进行治疗。具有长期症状的患者患有慢性疾病,可能需转诊至专业医师进行疼痛治疗,还应转诊进行认知康复以补偿记忆丧失或改善记忆力。最常见的脑震荡后症状包括意识模糊和头晕(二者在撞击后会持续一小段时间,尽管前庭损伤时头晕会持续)、头痛(可在撞击后即刻或一段时间后出现)、感觉无精打采或疲倦、感觉精神“迷迷糊糊”、注意力和精神集中困难、撞击前后即刻事件记忆功能障碍,以及整个损伤后急性阶段都会持续存在的连续性功能障碍。除了几乎总是存在但程度不同的“核心”症状之外,可能还有其他症状。
与年龄和职业相关的预后
职业运动员恢复时间(3~5 天)通常短于大学生运动员(7~10 天),而大学生运动员恢复时间又短于青少年和儿童(3~4 周)。评估恢复轨迹时应考虑年龄和性别等人口统计学因素,特别是在患者报告症状消失过快(伤后 24~48 小时内)的情况下。[84]Makdissi M, Davis G, Jordan B, et al. Revisiting the modifiers: how should the evaluation and management of acute concussions differ in specific groups? Br J Sports Med. 2013;47:314-320.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23479491?tool=bestpractice.com作出重返比赛决定时应考虑到这一点。[6]McCrea MA. Mild traumatic brain injury and postconcussion syndrome: the new evidence base for diagnosis and treatment. Oxford Workshop Series. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2008.儿童不得在当天重返比赛。[71]Purcell L. What are the most appropriate return-to-play guidelines for concussed child athletes? Br J Sports Med. 2009;43(suppl 1):i51-i55.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19433426?tool=bestpractice.com年龄也是评估治疗效果的一项重要因素,青少年(< 15 岁)和老年人(>65 岁)具有最高的恢复期延长的风险。[5]Radanov BP, Dvorak J, Valach L. Cognitive deficits in patients after soft tissue injury of the cervical spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1992;17:127-131.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1553581?tool=bestpractice.com
与陈旧性创伤有关的预后
陈旧性创伤增加今后受伤的可能性,并使症状的缓解更加复杂。明确患者过去是否有过头部损伤是很重要的。几乎 15% 的患者报告慢性脑震荡后症状。[6]McCrea MA. Mild traumatic brain injury and postconcussion syndrome: the new evidence base for diagnosis and treatment. Oxford Workshop Series. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2008.脑部陈旧性创伤是评估治疗效果时最重要的危险因素。[23]McCrory P, Johnston K, Meeuwisse W, et al. Summary and agreement statement of the 2nd International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Prague 2004. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39:i78-i86.http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/39/suppl_1/i78.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15793085?tool=bestpractice.comPET 和单光子发射 CT 扫描显示异常的患者可能表现出持续性脑震荡后症状,且治疗效果更差。[55]Umile EM, Sandel ME, Alavi A, et al. Dynamic imaging in mild traumatic brain injury: support for the theory of medial temporal vulnerability. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83:1506-1513.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12422317?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Chen SH, Kareken DA, Fastenau PS, et al. A study of persistent post-concussion symptoms in mild head trauma using positron emission tomography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74:326-332.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12588917?tool=bestpractice.com[57]Bonne O, Gilboa A, Louzoun Y, et al. Cerebral blood flow in chronic symptomatic mild traumatic brain injury. Psychiatry Res. 2003;124:141-152.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14623066?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Abu-Judeh HH, Parker R, Singh M, et al. SPET brain perfusion imaging in mild traumatic brain injury without loss of consciousness and normal computed tomography. Nucl Med Commun. 1999;20:505-510.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10451861?tool=bestpractice.com对于陈旧性创伤,须考虑的一个主要因素是损伤的毗邻组织,还要考虑这些陈旧伤的症状学特点,以及症状的持续时间、严重程度及性质。[1]McCrory P, Meeuwisse WH, Aubry M, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 4th International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2012. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47:250-258.http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/47/5/250.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23479479?tool=bestpractice.com[34]Bruce JM, Echemendia RJ. Concussion history predicts self-reported symptoms before and following a concussive event. Neurology. 2004;63:1516-1518.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15505180?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Quality Standards Subcommittee. Practice parameter: the management of concussion in sports (summary statement): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee. Neurology. 1997;48:581-585.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9065530?tool=bestpractice.com
重返比赛
如果患者还在使用药物来治疗任何并发症,则能否重返比赛就具有争议性,特别是对于既往有头痛疾病、ADHD 或学习障碍的那些运动员。理想情况下,运动员应在未使用药物控制症状的情况下,无症状出现。某些地区针对脑震荡管理和重返比赛指南特别颁布了法律,[86]Doolan AW, Day DD, Maerlender AC, et al. A review of return to play issues and sports-related concussion. Ann Biomed Eng. 2012;40:106-113.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21997390?tool=bestpractice.com除进行临床训练和利用其他可用资源之外,还应严格遵守这些法律。重返比赛和确定真正的无症状状态是一项比较难的任务,必须采用全面的临床访谈和神经心理学测试。
头痛/偏头痛病史
和阴性病史的患者相比,有头痛或偏头痛病史的患者通常具有更高的恢复期显著延长的风险。一般而言,这并不是说他们具有更高的脑震荡风险,而是说恢复期会更复杂和更长。[87]Asplund CA, McKeag DB, Olsen CH. Sport-related concussion: factors associated with prolonged return to play. Clin J Sport Med. 2004;14:339-343.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15523205?tool=bestpractice.com
应激
应激和焦虑加重了脑震荡后症状的持久性,是延长这些症状的强危险因素。应激还大大加强了脑震荡和抑郁性症状间的关系。[88]Bay EH, Sikorskii A, Gao F. Functional status, chronic stress, and cortisol response after mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury. Biol Res Nurs. 2009;10:213-225.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19015162?tool=bestpractice.com缓解应激的技术会有助于控制与脑震荡有关的心理症状。[61]Al Sayegh A, Sandford D, Carson AJ. Psychological approaches to treatment of postconcussion syndrome: a systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010;81:1128-1134.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20802219?tool=bestpractice.com
遗传倾向
尽管脑震荡不存在遗传联系,但存在与治疗结果有关的遗传联系。载脂蛋白 Eε4 (APOE4) 等位基因与外伤严重程度无关,但它是受伤后 6 个月时治疗结果的重要预测因素。[89]Zhou W, Xu D, Peng X, et al. Meta-analysis of APOE4 allele and outcome after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2008;25:279-290.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18373478?tool=bestpractice.comAPOE4 对外伤后发生痴呆的促进作用尚具有争议。[90]Jellinger KA. Head injury and dementia. Curr Opin Neurol. 2004;17:719-723.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15542981?tool=bestpractice.com
学习障碍
学习障碍会使脑震荡评估、后续治疗及管理复杂化。具有学习障碍的患者通常神经心理恢复期延长,且心理症状更加严重。
脑震荡发生前的精神病史
虽然未必是损伤本身的危险因素,但它是恢复期延长的危险因素。[91]Cassidy JD, Cancelliere C, Carroll LJ, et al. Systematic review of self-reported prognosis in adults after mild traumatic brain injury: results of the International Collaboration on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Prognosis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(suppl):S132-S151.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24581902?tool=bestpractice.com