自发性早产/流产多与感染及炎症相关,在孕早期尤为如此。一旦发生宫内感染,妊娠就难以继续,并且感染会对胎儿的神经系统造成损害。泌尿道感染,包括无症状菌尿,与早产密切相关。对其进行治疗可以显著降低肾盂肾炎和低出生体重儿的发生率。[5]Smaill F, Vazquez JC. Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(8):CD000490.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000490.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26252501?tool=bestpractice.com在早孕期发现的阴道菌群失调,尤其是细菌性阴道炎,与更高的自发性早产风险密切相关。[6]Guerra B, Ghi T, Quarta S, et al. Pregnancy outcome after early detection of bacterial vaginosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2006;128:40-45.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16460868?tool=bestpractice.com然而,抗微生物治疗对早产发生的可能性并无显著影响。[7]Simcox R, Sin WT, Seed PT, et al. Prophylactic antibiotics for the prevention of preterm birth in women at risk: a meta-analysis. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;47:368-377.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17877593?tool=bestpractice.com此外,目前并不推荐针对细菌性阴道病进行筛查,因为尚无证据证明其能改善妊娠结局。[8]US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy to prevent preterm delivery: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:214-219.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=739245http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18252683?tool=bestpractice.com全身性感染,例如疟疾或李斯特菌病,也可能导致早产。
如果既往有一次早产史,发生早产的风险更高。[9]McManemy J, Cooke E, Amon E, et al. Recurrence risk for preterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;196:5761-5766.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17547902?tool=bestpractice.com既往曾有过一次早产史的患者,(本次)早产的风险增加4倍,如果既往有两次早产史,则增至6.5倍。分娩时的孕龄亦对风险产生影响;越早分娩,则再次发生早产的风险越高。
几个社会不利因素及不良生活方式与自发性早产有关,包括:营养不良、吸烟、单亲婚姻状态、饮用咖啡和酒精及滥用娱乐性药物。[10]Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, et al. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet. 2008;371:75-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18177778?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Aveyard P, Cheng KK, Manaseki S, et al. The risk of preterm delivery in women from different ethnic groups. BJOG. 2002;109:894-899.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12197368?tool=bestpractice.com[12]Ananth CV, Joseph KS, Oyelese Y, et al. Trends in preterm birth and perinatal mortality among singletons: United States, 1989 through 2000. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;105:1084-1091.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15863548?tool=bestpractice.com由于多种因素相互关联,早产的发生机制和因果关系难以明确。一些证据表明戒烟可能降低早产率,但尚无明确证据证明解除其他社会因素能带来积极影响。[13]Mohsin M, Jalaludin B. Influence of previous pregnancy outcomes and continued smoking on subsequent pregnancy outcomes: an exploratory study in Australia. BJOG. 2008;115:1428-1435.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18700893?tool=bestpractice.com
家庭暴力与早产密切相关,在所有社会群体中均存在着这一相关性。[14]Yost NP, Bloom SL, McIntire DD, et al. A prospective observational study of domestic violence during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106:61-65.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15994618?tool=bestpractice.com
宫颈创伤,例如医源性宫颈扩张或既往因宫颈上皮内瘤变(CIN)而进行的治疗均可导致早产风险增加。[10]Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, et al. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth. Lancet. 2008;371:75-84.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18177778?tool=bestpractice.com激光治疗、射线热疗以及较大范围的宫颈环形切除术都与不良事件的风险增高相关,包括围产期死亡率。[15]Albrechtsen S, Rasmussen S, Thoresen S, et al. Pregnancy outcome in women before and after cervical conisation: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2008;337:a1343.http://www.bmj.com/content/337/bmj.a1343.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18801869?tool=bestpractice.com术前进行宫颈准备(软化宫颈)或减少有创操作(例如避免锥切活检)可以减少未来的风险。[16]Shennan AH, Bewley S. Why should preterm births be rising? BMJ. 2006;332:924-925.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16627490?tool=bestpractice.com
有人工流产史的女性,特别是在妊娠28周前,早产的风险也将升高。[17]Moreau C, Kaminski M, Ancel PY, et al. Previous induced abortions and the risk of very preterm delivery: results of the EPIPAGE study. BJOG. 2005;112:430-437.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15777440?tool=bestpractice.com
如果宫颈长度短 (<2 cm) 且胎儿纤连蛋白阳性,意味着患者早产风险较高。如果联合应用这些检查,将会有更大的预测意义。[18]DeFranco EA, Lewis DF, Odibo AO. Improving the screening accuracy for preterm
labor: is the combination of fetal fibronectin and cervical length in symptomatic
patients a useful predictor of preterm birth? A systematic review. Am J Obstet
Gynecol. 2013;208:233.e1-233.e6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23246314?tool=bestpractice.com
母体低体重增加早产风险。更高的自发性早产率与低体重指数之间存在相关性。然而,医源性早产原因多与肥胖有关。肥胖可能与氧化应激相关,最终导致子痫前期。[16]Shennan AH, Bewley S. Why should preterm births be rising? BMJ. 2006;332:924-925.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16627490?tool=bestpractice.com
未足月胎膜早破 (PPROM):超过三分之一的早产孕妇,其胎膜破裂会发生于症状性宫缩之前。[19]Lee T, Silver H. Etiology and epidemiology of PPROM. Clin Perinatol. 2001;28:721-734.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11817185?tool=bestpractice.com这和母胎感染风险升高有关,这既可以是未足月胎膜早破 (PPROM)的原因,也可以是其结果。通过阴道窥器检查,我们可以观察到流出的羊水池。
龋齿、牙列不齐和牙周病均可能与早产风险增加有关。[20]Oregon Oral Health Coalition. Guidelines for oral health care in pregnancy. 2009. http://www.oregondental.org (last accessed 10 May 2017).http://static1.squarespace.com/static/554bd5a0e4b06ed592559a39/t/564a5308e4b0d6ff2f94615e/1447711496782/Guidelines+for+Oral+Health+Care+During+Pregnancy.pdf然而,对其进行治疗并不影响预后。[21]Fogacci MF, Vettore MV, Leão AT. The effect of periodontal therapy on preterm low birth weight: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117:153-165.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21173658?tool=bestpractice.com