宫颈环扎术通过环绕穿行于宫颈上端的缝线使宫颈口关闭。多年以来,这是一个公认的预防性干预措施。初始观察性研究由于其较高的成功率而让人们备受鼓舞,然而随机试验显示宫颈环扎术只存在边界效益。[35]Althuisius SM, Dekker GA, Hummel P, et al. Final results of the Cervical Incompetence Prevention Randomized Cerclage Trial (CIPRACT): therapeutic cerclage with bed rest versus bed rest alone. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;18:1106-1112.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11717642?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Alfirevic Z, Stampalija T, Roberts D, et al. Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(4):CD008991.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008991.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22513970?tool=bestpractice.com降低围产儿死亡率:已有中等质量的证据表明,对既往有晚期流产史并存在明确早产风险的宫颈机能不全的孕妇行宫颈环扎术,能有效降低围产儿死亡率。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。对超声发现宫颈长度较短的患者进行宫颈环扎的价值进行研究:在既往有一次自发性早产、宫颈长度短于25 mm的单胎孕妇中,宫颈环扎术可以降低并发症发病率与死亡率。[37]Berghella V, Rafael TJ, Szychowski JM, et al. Cerclage for short cervix on ultrasonography in women with singleton gestations and previous preterm birth: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117:663-671.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21446209?tool=bestpractice.com宫颈环扎术带来的益处与宫颈变短的程度并不相关。[38]Berghella V, Keeler SM, To MS, et al. Effectiveness of cerclage according to severity of cervical length shortening: a meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2010;35:468-473.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/uog.7547/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20052661?tool=bestpractice.com进行宫颈环扎术并不能仅基于B超标准,同时还应考虑病史相关因素(例如既往早产史)。[39]Blikman MJ, Le TM, Bruinse HW, et al. Ultrasound-predicated versus history-predicated cerclage in women at risk of cervical insufficiency: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2008;63:803-812.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19017416?tool=bestpractice.com在没有进行宫颈环扎的高危女性中,可考虑进行B超监测。[40]Simcox R, Seed PT, Bennett P, et al. A randomized controlled trial of cervical scanning vs history to determine cerclage in women at high risk of preterm birth (CIRCLE trial). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200:e1-e6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19380124?tool=bestpractice.com在低危女性中,宫颈环扎术并没有降低早产的发生率,在高危女性中,其证据亦有限。[41]To MS, Alfirevic Z, Heath VC, et al. Cervical cerclage for prevention of preterm delivery in women with short cervix: randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;363:1849-1853.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15183621?tool=bestpractice.com[42]Berghella V, Daly SF, Tolosa JE, et al. Prediction of preterm delivery with transvaginal ultrasonography of the cervix in patients with high-risk pregnancies: does cerclage prevent prematurity? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;181:809-815.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10521734?tool=bestpractice.com减少早产:有中等质量的证据表明,选择性宫颈环扎术和超声监测似乎能同样有效地减少妊娠37周前的分娩。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。宫颈环扎可能会增加剖宫产的风险。[36]Alfirevic Z, Stampalija T, Roberts D, et al. Cervical stitch (cerclage) for preventing preterm birth in singleton pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(4):CD008991.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD008991.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22513970?tool=bestpractice.com几乎没有证据显示何种宫颈环扎术优于其他。将膀胱上推可以使缝扎的位置更高,也可以经腹(通过腹腔镜)进行缝扎,两者的成功率均近似。[43]Burger NB, Brölmann HA, Einarsson JI, et al. Effectiveness of abdominal cerclage placed via laparotomy or laparoscopy: systematic review. J Minim Invasive Gynecol. 2011;18:696-704.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22024258?tool=bestpractice.com[44]Simcox R, Shennan A. Cervical cerclage in the prevention of preterm birth. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;21:831-842.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17493875?tool=bestpractice.com[45]Lesser KB, Childers JM, Surwit EA. Transabdominal cerclage: a laparoscopic approach. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;91:855-856.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9572190?tool=bestpractice.com[46]Novy MJ. Transabdominal cervicoisthmic cerclage: a reappraisal 25 years after its introduction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;164:1635-1641; discussion 1641-1642.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7081311?tool=bestpractice.com一旦宫颈扩张、胎膜膨出于阴道,宫颈环扎术也可以作为延迟分娩的紧急措施,[47]Ehsanipoor RM, Seligman NS, Saccone G, et al. Physical examination-indicated cerclage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;126:125-135.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26241265?tool=bestpractice.com可将分娩平均延迟一个月。[48]Olatunbosun OA, al-Nuaim L, Turnell RW. Emergency cerclage compared with bed rest for advanced cervical dilatation in pregnancy. Int Surg. 1995;80:170-174.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8530237?tool=bestpractice.com减少早产发生和新生儿并发症发病率:有中等质量的证据表明,对妊娠27周前,胎膜已达或超过宫颈的孕妇行紧急宫颈环扎术,较之卧床休息能更有效地减少早产。此外,有质量较差的证据表明对胎膜已达或超过宫颈的孕妇行紧急宫颈环扎术,较之卧床休息,能减少复合新生儿并发症发病率(定义为进入新生儿重症监护室或死亡)。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。这尚未被随机对照试验验证,但如果没有感染的临床证据,也没有子宫收缩的征象,早产极有可能与宫颈机能相关,这一干预措施似乎是合理的。此时,宫颈环扎术带来的益处与黄体酮类似。[49]Conde-Agudelo A, Romero R, Nicolaides K, et al. Vaginal progesterone vs. cervical cerclage for the prevention of preterm birth in women with a sonographic short cervix, previous preterm birth, and singleton gestation: a systematic review and indirect comparison metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;208:42.e1-42.e18.http://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(12)01977-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23157855?tool=bestpractice.com
抗生素治疗:进行异常阴道菌群的筛查可以发现风险增高的女性,尤其是那些在早孕期发现细菌性阴道病的女性。[6]Guerra B, Ghi T, Quarta S, et al. Pregnancy outcome after early detection of bacterial vaginosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2006;128:40-45.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16460868?tool=bestpractice.com然而,治疗并不能在改善结局方面保持一致性。[51]Nygren P, Fu R, Freeman M, et al. Evidence on the benefits and harms of screening and treating pregnant women who are asymptomatic for bacterial vaginosis: an update review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:220-233.http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=739261http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18252684?tool=bestpractice.com因此,并不建议对女性进行常规的细菌性阴道病的筛查。[7]Simcox R, Sin WT, Seed PT, et al. Prophylactic antibiotics for the prevention of preterm birth in women at risk: a meta-analysis. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;47:368-377.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17877593?tool=bestpractice.com对无症状性菌尿以及有症状的泌尿道感染进行治疗是有益的。[52]Shennan AH, Chandiramani M. Antibiotics for spontaneous preterm birth. BMJ. 2008;337:a3015.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19116214?tool=bestpractice.com一些证据表明在未足月胎膜早破 (PPROM)之后使用抗生素,无论是青霉素延长妊娠期:有质量较差的证据表明,青霉素类(除外阿莫西林-克拉维酸)可能较之安慰剂能更有效地减少未足月胎膜早破 (PPROM)后48小时及7天内早产儿的比例。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。还是罗红霉素延长妊娠期:有质量较差的证据表明,在48小时或7天的治疗时间内,红霉素较之安慰剂可能更为有效地减少未足月胎膜早破 (PPROM)后早产儿的比例。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。可能有效降低早产率。