由于早产病因各不相同,很难评估任何临床策略的成功性。由于大多数妊娠都会成功,因此有可能存在这种危险,即某种无效的干预可能被认为是成功的,而且这些病例经验在没有经过适当的评估前就会渗透入临床实践中。即便是既往有不良妊娠史、存在危险因素或曾出现足月前宫缩症状,也常常会有正常的妊娠结局。临床试验中招募早产妊娠女性非常困难,这使得评估受到困扰。
分娩时的孕龄对胎儿并发症发病率和死亡率很重要。罕见胎龄在23周以下的新生儿能够存活。而在孕龄26周前亦往往发生严重并发症。因此临床处理的原则是尽可能地延长孕周。
然而,无论是作为早产的原因,还是早产胎膜早破的结果,感染都较为常见,因此延长孕周并非在所有情况下都可取。绒毛膜羊膜炎会导致胎儿神经系统受损.[72]Yoon BH, Park CW, Chaiworapongsa T. Intrauterine infection and the development of cerebral palsy. BJOG. 2003;110(suppl 20):124-127.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12763129?tool=bestpractice.com已发现使用抗生素治疗胎膜完整的先兆早产 (TPTL) 与随后发生脑瘫相关,因为抗生素可能会延长宫内不良环境下妊娠的持续时间。[52]Shennan AH, Chandiramani M. Antibiotics for spontaneous preterm birth. BMJ. 2008;337:a3015.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19116214?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Kenyon S, Pike K, Jones DR, et al. Childhood outcomes after prescription of antibiotics to pregnant women with spontaneous preterm labor: 7-year follow-up of the ORACLE II trial. Lancet. 2008;372:1319-1327.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18804276?tool=bestpractice.com一旦绒毛膜羊膜炎的证据明确,应引产减少母亲和胎儿的患病率。
先兆早产 (TPTL)
对于明显早产出现宫缩的孕妇的初始评估应包括对所有有关孕龄的资料进行全面细致的回顾,因为孕龄与预后密切相关。对胎儿的监测包括间断听诊或持续胎心宫缩监护 (CTG), [
]For women in labor, what are the benefits and harms of continuous cardiotocography (CTG) as a form of electronic fetal monitoring (EFM)?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1644/full显示答案 但在妊娠极早期进行此类监测可能并不合适。只有很少一部分出现先兆早产症状的孕妇会在1周内分娩。应事先考虑好可能的分娩方式,尤其是对需要进行剖宫产者。在这方面几乎没有指导决策的证据,且应将决定权交于有经验的产科医生,并咨询新生儿学家。如果可能,应让双亲参观NICU。卧床休息和补充水分并非有效的治疗方法,不推荐这种做法。减少早产和围产儿死亡率:有高质量的证据表明卧床休息,包括住院后卧床休息,较之不做干预,在减少妊娠34周至37周时的单胎、多胎妊娠或无并发症的双胎妊娠早产率方面并无更好效果,并且还增加了妊娠34周之前无并发症的双胎妊娠的早产率。此外,有高质量的证据表明,卧床休息较之不做干预,并不能有效减少妊娠34至37周多胎妊娠或无并发症的双胎妊娠妇女的围产期死亡率,且还增加妊娠<34周、无并发症双胎妊娠的新生儿死亡率。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
对胎膜未破的先兆早产 (TPTL) 患者使用抗生素并不能减少早产的发生率。延长妊娠期:有中等质量的证据表明,在妊娠期小于 37 周且胎膜完整的妊娠女性中使用抗生素,较安慰剂而言并不能更有效减少治疗后 48 小时或 7 天内的早产。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。且与胎儿随后发生脑瘫相关。因为治疗可能会延长孕周,使得胎儿在不良的宫内环境中待得更久。[52]Shennan AH, Chandiramani M. Antibiotics for spontaneous preterm birth. BMJ. 2008;337:a3015.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19116214?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Kenyon S, Pike K, Jones DR, et al. Childhood outcomes after prescription of antibiotics to pregnant women with spontaneous preterm labor: 7-year follow-up of the ORACLE II trial. Lancet. 2008;372:1319-1327.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18804276?tool=bestpractice.com纤连蛋白检测可通过帮助识别有高分娩风险的女性并影响后续管理降低早产率。[65]Berghella V, Hayes E, Visintine J, et al. Fetal fibronectin testing for reducing the risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):CD006843.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006843.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18843732?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Abenhaim HA, Morin L, Benjamin A. Does availability of fetal fibronectin testing in the management of threatened preterm labor affect the utilization of hospital resources? J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2005;27:689-694.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16100624?tool=bestpractice.com有宫缩但胎儿纤连蛋白阴性的女性在接下来一周内不太可能分娩 (1%),因此可能暂不考虑使用皮质类固醇和/或胎儿转运的问题。胎儿纤连蛋白定量测试可以更为精确地进行风险分层。[68]Abbott DS, Radford SK, Seed PT, et al. Evaluation of a quantitative fetal fibronectin test for spontaneous preterm birth in symptomatic women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;208:122.e1-122.e6.http://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(12)02037-6/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23164760?tool=bestpractice.com在关键孕周(23-26周)的妇女中,入院治疗可能防止意外分娩,避免新生儿不能及时获得新生儿复苏设备支持。
未足月胎膜早破 (PPROM)
未足月胎膜早破 (PPROM)是临床诊断,要点包括患者主诉曾有阴道流液,且最终通过无菌阴道窥器在后穹隆发现羊水池确诊。
一旦出现未足月胎膜早破 (PPROM),孕妇应住院以密切监测有无感染征象。包括孕妇有无心率增快或发热、子宫压痛、阴道分泌物增多以及白细胞增多或CRP升高。然而,这些母体血液检测对于诊断临床绒毛膜羊膜炎的敏感性和特异性很少超过50%。[75]Watts DH, Krohn MA, Hillier SL, et al. Characteristics of women in preterm labor associated with elevated C-reactive protein levels. Obstet Gynecol. 1993;82:509-514.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8377973?tool=bestpractice.com应进行胎心监测以发现有无胎儿心动过速(>160次/分),这是绒毛膜羊膜炎的体征之一。如果需要对胎儿进行监测,建议使用持续胎心监护 (CTG),不推荐使用多普勒或生物物理评分作为一线监测方法。[76]Lewis DF, Adair CD, Weeks JW, et al. A randomized clinical trial of daily nonstress testing versus biophysical profile in the management of preterm premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;181:1495-1499.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10601934?tool=bestpractice.com
确诊为未足月胎膜早破 (PPROM)后,应连续10天使用抗生素。可选择红霉素延长妊娠期:有质量较差的证据表明,在48小时或7天的治疗时间内,红霉素较之安慰剂可能更为有效地减少未足月胎膜早破 (PPROM)后早产儿的比例。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。或青霉素类药物延长妊娠期:有质量较差的证据表明,青霉素类(除外阿莫西林-克拉维酸)可能较之安慰剂能更有效地减少未足月胎膜早破 (PPROM)后48小时及7天内早产儿的比例。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。。不推荐使用阿莫西林/克拉维酸,因其可能会增加新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎的风险。一旦胎膜破裂,早产几乎不可避免,应在产前使用皮质类固醇,这对新生儿是有利的。并无证据显示皮质类固醇会增加感染风险。[64]Brownfoot FC, Gagliardi DI, Bain E, et al. Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(8):CD006764.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006764.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23990333?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Kenyon S, Boulvain M, Neilson JP. Antibiotics for preterm rupture of membranes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(12):CD001058.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001058.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24297389?tool=bestpractice.com如果未足月胎膜早破 (PPROM)是唯一的临床表现,则不推荐使用抑制宫缩的药物。但如果有子宫获得则可考虑使用。[78]Combs CA, McCune M, Clark R, et al. Aggressive tocolysis does not prolong pregnancy or reduce neonatal morbidity after preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190:1723-1728.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15284781?tool=bestpractice.com未足月胎膜早破 (PPROM)的孕妇中不建议使用羊膜腔内灌注或是纤维蛋白密封剂。延长妊娠期:有质量较差的证据表明,在治疗过程中,羊膜腔内灌注较之保守治疗,能有效减少7天内的早产率,并延长出现未足月胎膜早破 (PPROM)、羊水过少的孕妇至分娩的平均时间间隔。该结论基于一项系统评价和随后一次小型随机对照研究 (RCT)。随后的随机对照研究只包括了羊水过少孕妇,且羊膜腔内灌注并不标准。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
经过谨慎选择的脐带脱垂风险低且炎性标志物正常的未足月胎膜早破 (PPROM)孕妇,可以在住院观察48至72小时后继续门诊随诊监测。这些孕妇仍应每天监测两次体温,并知晓需要住院的感染症状和体征。同时要求她们每周2-3次的定期随诊,检查胎儿及母体的心率以及炎症标志物。
如果 PPROM 后妊娠继续,可考虑对无明显感染迹象的病例行期待治疗,直至 37 周。[79]Morris JM, Roberts CL, Bowen JR, et al. Immediate delivery compared with expectant management after preterm pre-labour rupture of the membranes close to term (PPROMT trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;387:444-452.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26564381?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Bond DM, Middleton P, Levett KM, et al. Planned early birth versus expectant management for women with preterm prelabour rupture of membranes prior to 37 weeks' gestation for improving pregnancy outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(3):CD004735.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004735.pub4/abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28257562?tool=bestpractice.com
美国妇产科医师大会 (American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, ACOG) 推荐自妊娠 34 周起的早产胎膜早破以及妊娠 34 周至 37 周且伴有共病(例如羊水过少、胎儿多普勒检查显示异常、先兆子痫、慢性高血压)的情况下可分娩。[81]American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Medically indicated late-preterm and early-term deliveries. Committee opinion 560. April 2013. http://www.acog.org/ (last accessed 10 May 2017).http://www.acog.org/Resources_And_Publications/Committee_Opinions/Committee_on_Obstetric_Practice/Medically_Indicated_Late-Preterm_and_Early-Term_Deliveries没有医学指征时不建议引产,胎儿肺成熟度的评估也不应用于判断是否可以引产。[82]American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Nonmedically indicated early-term deliveries. Committee opinion 561. April 2013. http://www.acog.org/ (last accessed 10 May 2017).http://www.acog.org/Resources_And_Publications/Committee_Opinions/Committee_on_Obstetric_Practice/Nonmedically_Indicated_Early-Term_Deliveries
除此之外进行保守治疗是可能的,这使得胎儿进一步成熟,但也增加了感染的风险。[72]Yoon BH, Park CW, Chaiworapongsa T. Intrauterine infection and the development of cerebral palsy. BJOG. 2003;110(suppl 20):124-127.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12763129?tool=bestpractice.com即刻分娩可能降低了感染的发生率,但增加了剖宫产的风险。因此,需要有更多的证据来指导临床实践。[80]Bond DM, Middleton P, Levett KM, et al. Planned early birth versus expectant management for women with preterm prelabour rupture of membranes prior to 37 weeks' gestation for improving pregnancy outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(3):CD004735.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004735.pub4/abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28257562?tool=bestpractice.com
立即分娩的高风险
改善早产结局的两项最重要的干预措施为产前使用皮质类固醇,以及当地新生儿救治水平不足时,将早产儿宫内转运至专科中心。[53]Shlossman PA, Manley JS, Sciscione AC, et al. An analysis of neonatal morbidity and mortality in maternal (in utero) and neonatal transports at 24-34 weeks' gestation. Am J Perinatol. 1997;148:449-456.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9376004?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Brownfoot FC, Gagliardi DI, Bain E, et al. Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(8):CD006764.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006764.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23990333?tool=bestpractice.com降低围产儿并发症发病率和死亡率:有高质量的证据表明,在出生最初的48小时内,较之安慰剂或未干预组,如能在产前使用皮质类固醇,更能有效地减少新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征、脑室内出血、坏死性肠炎和新生儿感染的发生,但就降低慢性肺疾病的发生率而言未更有效。皮质类固醇亦能有效降低围产儿死亡率。倍他米松和地塞米松就结局而言并无差别。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。ACOG 现在建议在妊娠 23 周、有即将分娩风险的女性中考虑使用皮质类固醇。[83]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Obstetric Practice; Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Committee opinion no.677: antenatal corticosteroid therapy for fetal maturation. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;128:e187-e194.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27661658?tool=bestpractice.com这个选择取决于家属对复苏的意愿。[83]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Obstetric Practice; Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Committee opinion no.677: antenatal corticosteroid therapy for fetal maturation. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;128:e187-e194.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27661658?tool=bestpractice.com对于妊娠24周至34周且有可能在短时间内分娩的孕妇,即出现规律宫缩、宫颈扩张或胎儿纤连蛋白检测阳性,均应予一个疗程的倍他米松。[64]Brownfoot FC, Gagliardi DI, Bain E, et al. Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(8):CD006764.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006764.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23990333?tool=bestpractice.com[83]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Obstetric Practice; Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Committee opinion no.677: antenatal corticosteroid therapy for fetal maturation. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;128:e187-e194.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27661658?tool=bestpractice.com也可以使用地塞米松,并且该药被视为同样有效。降低围产儿并发症发病率和死亡率:有高质量的证据表明,在出生最初的48小时内,较之安慰剂或未干预组,如能在产前使用皮质类固醇,更能有效地减少新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征、脑室内出血、坏死性肠炎和新生儿感染的发生,但就降低慢性肺疾病的发生率而言未更有效。皮质类固醇亦能有效降低围产儿死亡率。倍他米松和地塞米松就结局而言并无差别。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。已有证据显示地塞米松可能减少新生儿脑室内出血的发生率。[64]Brownfoot FC, Gagliardi DI, Bain E, et al. Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(8):CD006764.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006764.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23990333?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Elimian A, Garry D, Figueroa R, et al. Antenatal betamethasone compared with dexamethasone (betacode trial): a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110:26-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17601892?tool=bestpractice.com皮质类固醇也已表现出在妊娠 35 或 36 周时使用的获益,即可减少婴儿出生后的呼吸窘迫。[83]American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Obstetric Practice; Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine. Committee opinion no.677: antenatal corticosteroid therapy for fetal maturation. Obstet Gynecol. 2016;128:e187-e194.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27661658?tool=bestpractice.com[85]Gyamfi-Bannerman C, Thom EA, Blackwell SC, et al. Antenatal betamethasone for women at risk for late preterm delivery. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:1311-1320.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26842679?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Saccone G, Berghella V. Antenatal corticosteroids for maturity of term or near term fetuses: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMJ. 2016;355:i5044.http://www.bmj.com/content/355/bmj.i5044.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27733360?tool=bestpractice.com因此,可在产科医师的指导下给予这些患者皮质类固醇,具体取决于分娩风险和治疗方面的顾虑。产前皮质类固醇发挥最佳临床效果的时间为给药后的24小时到7至14天。多次给药与胎儿宫内生长受限以及理论上的远期并发症发病率有关。[87]Murphy KE, Hannah ME, Willan AR, et al. Multiple courses of antenatal corticosteroids for preterm birth (MACS): a randomised controlled trial. MACS Collaborative Group. Lancet. 2008;372:2143-2151.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19101390?tool=bestpractice.com不过,如果仍处于妊娠关键期,则 7 天后再给予一个重复疗程可能会有益处,[88]Crowther CA, Haslam RR, Hiller JE, et al; Australasian Collaborative Trial of Repeat Doses of Steroids (ACTORDS) Study Group. Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome after repeat exposure to antenatal corticosteroids: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;367:1913-1919.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16765760?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Crowther CA, McKinlay CJ, Middleton P, et al. Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for preventing neonatal respiratory disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(7):CD003935.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003935.pub4/abstracthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26142898?tool=bestpractice.com [
]How do repeated doses of corticosteroids compare with a single course in women at risk of preterm birth?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1496/full显示答案 且一项在超过 4000 名儿童中进行的 meta 分析显示,并没有在 2-3 年时出现损伤的证据。[90]McKinlay CJ, Crowther CA, Middleton P, et al. Repeat antenatal glucocorticoids for women at risk of preterm birth: a Cochrane Systematic Review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206:187-194.http://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378%2811%2900959-8/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21982021?tool=bestpractice.com在中低收入国家/地区,产前使用皮质类固醇已增加了总体新生儿死亡率,但必须注意不要将临床试验的研究结果推及到所有人群。[91]Althabe F, Belizán JM, McClure EM, et al. A population-based, multifaceted strategy to implement antenatal corticosteroid treatment versus standard care for the reduction of neonatal mortality due to preterm birth in low-income and middle-income countries: the ACT cluster-randomised trial. Lancet. 2015;385:629-639.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25458726?tool=bestpractice.com
宫缩抑制剂可以将孕期延长2到7天。建议短期使用,为产前皮质类固醇起效以及将孕妇转运至有新生儿监护室的医疗机构争取时间。[53]Shlossman PA, Manley JS, Sciscione AC, et al. An analysis of neonatal morbidity and mortality in maternal (in utero) and neonatal transports at 24-34 weeks' gestation. Am J Perinatol. 1997;148:449-456.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9376004?tool=bestpractice.com一项纳入17项临床试验的系统评价证实,宫缩抑制剂可减少24小时内、48小时内和7天内的分娩。[54]Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Tocolytic drugs for women in preterm labour. Green-top Guideline no. 1b. February 2011. http://www.rcog.org.uk (last accessed 10 May 2017).https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg1b/有多种药物纳入这些临床试验,但最后有统计学意义的只有β受体激动剂、延长孕周和围产儿并发症发病率/死亡率:有高质量的证据表明,β受体激动剂较之安慰剂能有效减少48小时内早产的发生率,但对围产儿的并发症发病率或死亡率没有影响。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。吲哚美辛延长孕周:有中等质量的证据表明,在治疗开始后的48小时及7天内,吲哚美辛似乎较之安慰剂能更有效降低妊娠37周之前的早产率。不过,与其他宫缩抑制剂相比,虽然其能够更有效地减少妊娠 37 周前的出生,但在减少 48 小时和 7 天内的分娩方面有效性更差。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。和阿托西班,延长孕周和减少围产儿死亡:有高质量的证据表明,治疗开始后的48小时及7天内,阿托西班和β受体激动剂在减少<37孕周时的早产率方面同样有效。二者在降低围产儿死亡率上亦同样有效。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。且并不包括硫酸镁。[92]Han S, Crowther CA, Moore V. Magnesium maintenance therapy for preventing preterm birth after threatened preterm labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(5):CD000940.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000940.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23728634?tool=bestpractice.com延长孕周:有中等质量的证据表明,硫酸镁较之安慰剂并不能有效减少妊娠36周前的早产率。受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。.应慎重考虑使用宫缩抑制剂,因为目前尚无证据表明这可以改善妊娠结局,并且选择某一特定药物时,应同时考虑其不良反应。[54]Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Tocolytic drugs for women in preterm labour. Green-top Guideline no. 1b. February 2011. http://www.rcog.org.uk (last accessed 10 May 2017).https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg1b/β受体激动剂似乎不再是最佳选择,虽然其可延长妊娠期,[93]Neilson JP, West HM, Dowswell T. Betamimetics for inhibiting preterm labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(2):CD004352.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004352.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24500892?tool=bestpractice.com [
]In women in spontaneous preterm labor, what are the benefits and harms of betamimetics compared with placebo or each other?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.574/full显示答案 但是更易引起导致治疗终止的母体不良反应。FDA 现已警告在治疗早产的过程中不得将特布他林超适应症使用。 [
]Is there randomized controlled trial evidence to support the use of betamimetics for maintenance therapy after threatened preterm labor?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.177/full显示答案 [
]Do prophylactic betamimetics given to women with a singleton pregnancy at risk of preterm delivery improve outcomes?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.180/full显示答案 [
]In women with a twin pregnancy, what are the benefits and harms of prophylactic oral betamimetics?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.1185/full显示答案 阿托西班和硝苯地平疗效相当,且不良反应较少,围产期结局相似。[94]Flenady V, Wojcieszek AM, Papatsonis DN, et al. Calcium channel blockers for inhibiting preterm labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(6):CD002255.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002255.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24901312?tool=bestpractice.com[95]Flenady V, Reinebrant HE, Liley HG, et al. Oxytocin receptor antagonists for inhibiting preterm labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(6):CD004452.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004452.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24903678?tool=bestpractice.com[96]van Vliet EO, Nijman TA, Schuit E, et al. Nifedipine versus atosiban for threatened preterm birth (APOSTEL III): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;387:2117-2124.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26944026?tool=bestpractice.com延长孕周:有质量较差的证据表明,硝苯地平和阿托西班就减少早产率、延长孕周48小时或7天似乎同样有效。低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。硝苯地平的副作用与剂量有关,往往在总剂量达到60 mg 之后发生。[97]Khan K, Zamora J, Lamont RF, et al. Safety concerns for the use of calcium channel blockers in pregnancy for the treatment of spontaneous preterm labour and hypertension: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2010;23:1030-1038.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20180735?tool=bestpractice.com钙通道阻滞剂较其他宫缩抑制剂而言,可更有效地减少妊娠 34 周前的分娩 [
]What are the effects of calcium channel blockers for inhibiting preterm labor and birth?http://cochraneclinicalanswers.com/doi/10.1002/cca.521/full显示答案 和新生儿并发症发生率。降低新生儿并发症发病率:有高质量的证据表明,钙离子通道阻滞剂较之其他宫缩抑制剂,能有效降低新生儿并发症发病率,包括呼吸窘迫综合征、脑室内出血和坏死性肠炎。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。前列腺素抑制剂不太可能引起母体不良反应。治疗终止以及围产儿并发症发病率/死亡率:有高质量的证据表明,前列腺素抑制剂较之其他宫缩抑制剂对母体的副作用较小,也不易因此被迫终止治疗。但在降低围产儿死亡率和并发症发病率的疗效相近。系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。临床试验中评估的替代药物包括一氧化氮供体、硫酸镁和β受体阻滞剂。但是没有足够证据表明这些药物是有价值的宫缩抑制剂。[98]Crowther CA, Brown J, McKinlay CJ, et al. Magnesium sulphate for preventing preterm birth in threatened preterm labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(8):CD001060.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001060.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25126773?tool=bestpractice.com住院用药期间,在用药的第一个24小时内,在最初的4个小时应每30分钟监测一次母体的心率和血压,随后改为每2小时监测一次。禁忌证包括致命的胎儿畸形、绒毛膜羊膜炎、胎儿窘迫、阴道出血明显或存在母体共病。并不建议持续性使用或预防性使用宫缩抑制剂,一些临床试验已证实,使用非甾体抗炎药 (NSAID) 甚至会增加分娩的风险。[99]Groom KM, Shennan AH, Jones BA, et al. TOCOX - a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of rofecoxib (a COX-2-specific prostaglandin inhibitor) for the prevention of preterm delivery in women at high risk. BJOG. 2005;112:725-730.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2005.00539.x/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15924527?tool=bestpractice.com此外没有证据显示在紧急处理后持续使用缩宫素拮抗剂可以延长孕周或改善预后。[100]Papatsonis D, Flenady V, Liley H. Maintenance therapy with oxytocin antagonists for inhibiting preterm birth after threatened preterm labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(10):CD005938.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD005938.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24122673?tool=bestpractice.com
在美国,对出现规律子宫收缩或进行性宫颈扩张的早产活跃妊娠女性,均会静脉内使用针对 B 族链球菌 (GBS) 的抗生素进行预防治疗。[101]Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Prevention of early onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease. Green top Guideline no. 36. July 2012. http://www.rcog.org.uk (last accessed 10 May 2017).https://www.rcog.org.uk/globalassets/documents/guidelines/gtg_36.pdf英国对B族链球菌 (GBS) 并不进行常规筛查,只对那些具有较高风险的孕妇(例如前次分娩新生儿感染GBS,本次妊娠的阴道拭子或尿培养提示GBS,或者分娩时母体发热)在分娩时给予静脉用抗生素。