有肿块压迫症状的临床无功能垂体腺瘤(CNFPAs)的治疗目标是尽可能完全切除肿瘤,恢复视觉或其他神经损害,纠正激素缺乏,保护未受影响垂体腺的功能。没有肿块压迫症状和不接触视交叉的临床无功能垂体微小腺瘤和巨大腺瘤应该单独观察。[50]Dekkers OM, Hammer S, de Keizer RJ, et al. The natural course of non-functioning pituitary macroadenomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007;156:217-224.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17287411?tool=bestpractice.com[51]Feldkamp J, Santen R, Harms E, et al. Incidentally discovered pituitary lesions: high frequency of macroadenomas and hormone-secreting adenomas - results of a prospective study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999;51:109-113.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10469480?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Reincke M, Allolio B, Saeger W, et al. The 'incidentaloma' of the pituitary gland. Is neurosurgery required? JAMA. 1990;263:2772-2776.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2332920?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Donovan LE, Corenblum B. The natural history of the pituitary incidentaloma. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:181-183.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7811127?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Nishizawa S, Ohta S, Yokoyama T, et al. Therapeutic strategy for incidentally found pituitary tumors ("pituitary incidentalomas"). Neurosurgery. 1998; 43:1344-1348.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9848848?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Karavitaki N, Collison K, Halliday J, et al. What is the natural history of nonoperated nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007;67:938-943.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17692109?tool=bestpractice.com
一般方法
治疗由肿瘤的大小,鞍旁延伸状况包括视通路受压和/或侵犯海绵窦和蝶窦,并发症如垂体卒中,以及神经外科医生的经验决定。多学科临床治疗包括内分泌科医生,神经放射科医生,神经外科医生和放射肿瘤科医生是首选。治疗选择包括单独观察,手术加或无术后放疗,药物治疗。
垂体卒中的管理
垂体卒中可能威胁生命,因为与急性肾上腺皮质功能不全有关。[8]Verrees M, Arafah BM, Selman WR. Pituitary tumor apoplexy: characteristics, treatment, and outcomes. Neurosurg Focus. 2004;16:E6.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15191335?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Sibal L, Ball SG, Connolly V, et al. Pituitary apoplexy: a review of clinical presentation, management and outcome in 45 cases. Pituitary. 2004;7:157-163.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16010459?tool=bestpractice.com疾病快速识别后应给予胃肠外皮质类固醇治疗,同时进行静脉补液和胃肠外镇痛。若不及时处理,可能致命。若需外科干预,最好在发病24-48小时内进行,对有进行性视力丧失或颅神经损伤的患者推荐行外科干预,以尽量减小发生永久性神经损伤的风险。
观察
微小腺瘤一般不生长,即使生长也不损害视野或引起垂体机能减退。一项研究中在微小腺瘤的166位患者中,平均随访4.3年,17位(10.2%)肿瘤大小增长了10%(3%-40%)。大部分(80%)维持不变,而10%肿瘤大小有所减小。[56]Orija IB, Weil RJ, Hamrahian AH. Pituitary incidentaloma. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;26:47-68.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22305452?tool=bestpractice.com对于临床无功能垂体微小腺瘤患者MRI在第一年后要复查,只有患者出现肿块压迫症状时行进一步MRI检查。
巨大腺瘤有生长倾向:平均随访4.3年,356例巨大腺瘤中87例(24%)肿瘤大小有所增加,45例(13%)有所减小,224例(63%)维持不变。[56]Orija IB, Weil RJ, Hamrahian AH. Pituitary incidentaloma. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;26:47-68.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22305452?tool=bestpractice.com对于临床无功能垂体巨大腺瘤患者正确规划是6个月时复查MRI,然后是每5年一次,如果稳定每2-3年随访一次。如果肿瘤生长需手术治疗。
经蝶骨手术
经蝶骨手术(TSS)作为一线治疗:
当诊断存在疑问时为了明确诊断可以考虑手术。有经验的神经外科医生已被证明可以提高手术结果。[57]Gittoes NJ, Sheppard MC, Johnson AP, et al. Outcome of surgery for acromegaly - the experience of a dedicated pituitary surgeon. QJM. 1999;92:741-745.http://qjmed.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/92/12/741http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10581337?tool=bestpractice.com
大部分垂体腺瘤由TSS切除(超过90%)。TSS使用微创技术和计算机辅助神经导航设备。通过经鼻黏膜下层或唇下切口到达垂体。术中MRI扫描的引进可改善手术结果。数据表明内镜方法安全有效。[58]Tabaee A, Anand VK, Barron Y, et al. Endoscopic pituitary surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg. 2009;111:545-554.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19199461?tool=bestpractice.com与传统的显微镜下经蝶窦入路相比,内镜入路可提供更佳的手术视野。大多数比较内镜与显微外科的研究(但非全部)均更推荐内镜入路,因其围手术期并发症更少。[59]Pereira AM, Biermasz NR. Treatment of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: what were the contributions of the last 10 years? A critical view. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2012;73:111-116.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22542000?tool=bestpractice.com[60]DeKlotz TR, Chia SH, Lu W, et al. Meta-analysis of endoscopic versus sublabial pituitary surgery. Laryngoscope. 2012;122:511-518.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22252670?tool=bestpractice.com在治疗功能性大腺瘤方面,内镜入路可带来更好的临床结局,而并发症发生率相似。[61]Dorward NL. Endocrine outcomes in endoscopic pituitary surgery: a literature review. Acta Neurochir. 2010;152:1275-1279.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20454982?tool=bestpractice.com可是没有大型,前瞻性,随机研究比较这两种技术。
TSS是治疗临床无功能垂体腺瘤(CNFPAs)十分有效的方法。在15%-50%的患者中激素缺乏得以解决,在超过三分之二的患者中高催乳素血症得以解决。[62]Molitch ME. Nonfunctioning pituitary tumors and pituitary incidentalomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008;37:151-171.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18226735?tool=bestpractice.com在2%-15%患者中手术可能引起新的激素缺乏。[62]Molitch ME. Nonfunctioning pituitary tumors and pituitary incidentalomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008;37:151-171.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18226735?tool=bestpractice.com暂时性尿崩症(DI)在三分之一病例中可能发生,但永久性尿崩症的风险只有0.5%-5%。[62]Molitch ME. Nonfunctioning pituitary tumors and pituitary incidentalomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008;37:151-171.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18226735?tool=bestpractice.com死亡风险为0.3%-0.5%。[62]Molitch ME. Nonfunctioning pituitary tumors and pituitary incidentalomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008;37:151-171.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18226735?tool=bestpractice.com术后肿瘤复发率在12%-46%。[63]Dekkers OM, Pereira AM, Roelfsema F, et al. Observation alone after transsphenoidal surgery for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:1796-1801.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16507632?tool=bestpractice.comTSS之后,51%-96%的病例中视野缺损得以改善或正常。[64]Arita K, Tominaga A, Sugiyama K, et al. Natural course of incidentally found nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma, with special reference to pituitary apoplexy during follow-up examination. J Neurosurg. 2006;104:884-891.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16776331?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Mortini P, Losa M, Barzaghi R, et al. Results of transsphenoidal surgery in a large series of patients with pituitary adenoma. Neurosurgery. 2005;56:1222-1233.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15918938?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Marazuela M, Astigarraga B, Vicente A, et al. Recovery of visual and endocrine function following transsphenoidal surgery of large nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. J Endocrinol Invest. 1994;17:703-707.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7868814?tool=bestpractice.com某些患者视功能改善可持续到术后1年。[19]Dekkers OM, Pereira AM, Romijn JA, et al. Treatment and follow-up of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:3717-3726.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18682516?tool=bestpractice.com关于术后垂体功能的研究数据相互矛盾:8项研究中的5个(62%)显示改善,而其余的(38%)显示术后垂体功能没有改善或有所恶化。[19]Dekkers OM, Pereira AM, Romijn JA, et al. Treatment and follow-up of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:3717-3726.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18682516?tool=bestpractice.comTSS术后生长激素轴最难恢复。[67]Arafah BM. Reversible hypopituitarism in patients with large nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986;62:1173-1179.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3009521?tool=bestpractice.com
手术效果评估推荐在术后4个月,此时术后改变典型。[19]Dekkers OM, Pereira AM, Romijn JA, et al. Treatment and follow-up of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:3717-3726.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18682516?tool=bestpractice.com患者随访需要复查MRI扫描,因为患者复发风险在6%-46%。[19]Dekkers OM, Pereira AM, Romijn JA, et al. Treatment and follow-up of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:3717-3726.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18682516?tool=bestpractice.comMRI上显示术后残余肿瘤是肿瘤复发的独立预测指标。[19]Dekkers OM, Pereira AM, Romijn JA, et al. Treatment and follow-up of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:3717-3726.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18682516?tool=bestpractice.com
颅切开术用于治疗巨大颅内占位,尤其是累及额叶(额下入路)或颞叶(pteronial入路)者。
研究发现无症状CNFPAs的手术结果比有症状偶发瘤以及非偶发有症状腺瘤好。虽然研究没有提倡所有无症状偶发CNFPAs的外科切除,但数据提示当需要手术时CNFPAs无症状患者的结果可能更好一些。术后肿瘤残留与肿瘤延伸到海绵窦及肿瘤最大直径正相关,与肿瘤卒中及偶发事件负相关。[68]Losa M, Donofrio CA, Barzaghi R, et al. Presentation and surgical results of incidentally discovered non-functioning pituitary adenomas: evidence for a better outcome independently of other patients' characteristics. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013;169:735-742.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23999643?tool=bestpractice.com
放疗
当有残余肿瘤时常规使用放疗术后,尤其是肿瘤侵犯海绵窦或复发性肿瘤的治疗。可用于无手术指征的肿瘤,控制肿瘤生长。肿瘤总复发率在2%-36%,术后放疗似乎可降低复发率。[63]Dekkers OM, Pereira AM, Roelfsema F, et al. Observation alone after transsphenoidal surgery for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:1796-1801.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16507632?tool=bestpractice.com224位术后放疗患者中的大约10%发生了肿瘤复发,与之相比,428位术后未放疗患者中25%肿瘤复发。[51]Feldkamp J, Santen R, Harms E, et al. Incidentally discovered pituitary lesions: high frequency of macroadenomas and hormone-secreting adenomas - results of a prospective study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999;51:109-113.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10469480?tool=bestpractice.com近期关于早期术后MRI扫描使用的报告评估了对残余肿瘤进行术后放疗的作用。在MRI上看见肿瘤残余的病例中,与200位未接受放疗患者的41%相比,83位接受常规放疗患者的23%发生了肿瘤生长。[62]Molitch ME. Nonfunctioning pituitary tumors and pituitary incidentalomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008;37:151-171.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18226735?tool=bestpractice.com肿瘤近全切除术以及术后放疗的使用似乎减少了肿瘤复发和/或再生长的风险,尽管其一般用在治疗术后残余肿瘤及肿瘤复发。[69]Park P, Chandler WF, Barkan AL, et al. The role of radiation therapy after surgical resection of nonfunctional pituitary macroadenomas. Neurosurgery. 2004;55:100-106.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15214978?tool=bestpractice.com年轻年龄组(小于60岁)由于肿瘤倍增时间短,肿瘤可能更快速增长。[70]Tanaka Y, Hongo K, Tada T, et al. Growth pattern and rate in residual nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: correlations among tumor volume doubling time, patient age, and MIB-1 index. J Neurosurg. 2003;98:359-365.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12593623?tool=bestpractice.com
不同形式的放疗可使用:
常规放疗(适形或调强),采用直线加速器,分割剂量照射5-6周,总剂量45-50 Gy,<2Gy/次,共计25-30次。
该技术可能存在潜在的迟发型并发症:
垂体机能减退发生率超过50%。[62]Molitch ME. Nonfunctioning pituitary tumors and pituitary incidentalomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008;37:151-171.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18226735?tool=bestpractice.com
卒中风险增加2倍,继发性脑肿瘤风险增加3到4倍。
可能晚期认知功能障碍风险增加,有1.5%诱导视神经病的风险及0.2%正常脑组织坏死的风险。[71]Brada M, Jankowska P. Radiotherapy for pituitary adenoma. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008;37:263-275.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18226740?tool=bestpractice.com
垂体机能减退的风险取决于放疗剂量,剂量大于20Gy引起垂体前叶功能可检出的损害,还有高催乳素血症。用更高剂量放疗,发生激素缺乏的时间更短。其他发展成垂体机能减退的危险因素包括放疗前肿瘤残余量大,外科切除术前预先存在的垂体功能不全。[72]Loeffler JS, Shih HA. Radiation therapy in the management of pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1992-2003.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21525155?tool=bestpractice.com
立体定向放射外科治疗目标是传递高放射剂量到明确的靶点,减小对周围组织的损害。手术方面涉及使用侵入性固定架固定患者。MRI和CT扫描用于确定肿瘤解剖位置和规划出放射范围。单次照射是通过直线加速器(LINAC)或多重钴源束(伽玛刀)完成。立体放射外科治疗中,对于5mm以上的肿瘤,是通过光学装置给予8-10Gy的单次剂量照射,以避免光致神经病。用立体定向放射外科治疗控制肿瘤,患者5年无进展生存估计可达88%-96%。[71]Brada M, Jankowska P. Radiotherapy for pituitary adenoma. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008;37:263-275.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18226740?tool=bestpractice.com平均随访64个月,在4%-66%治疗患者中发生垂体机能减退。有放射诱导的视神经病和脑神经放射损伤的报道。
一项包括600例接受放射外科治疗的CNFPAs患者的综述显示,之前受照患者肿瘤控制率达67%-97%,放射外科治疗患者达95%-100%。少于1%的患者中发生颅神经病变。2到3年后在8%-10%患者中发生新发垂体前叶激素缺乏,5年后32%-42%患者发生,这与常规放疗后风险相似。[59]Pereira AM, Biermasz NR. Treatment of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: what were the contributions of the last 10 years? A critical view. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2012;73:111-116.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22542000?tool=bestpractice.com用伽玛刀手术(GKS)治疗的512位患者,随访时间中位数是26个月(范围:1-232个月),放射外科治疗后3年、5年、8年、10年精算肿瘤控制达98%、95%、91%、85%。[73]Sheehan JP, Starke RM, Mathieu D, et al. Gamma Knife radiosurgery for the management of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: a multicenter study. J Neurosurg. 2013;119:446-456.http://thejns.org/doi/full/10.3171/2013.3.JNS12766http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23621595?tool=bestpractice.com21%患者发生新发或加重的激素缺乏,主要是甲状腺和肾上腺轴。9%患者发生新发或进行性颅神经病变,而6.6%患者发生新发或加重的视神经病变。腺瘤体积小和未向蝶鞍上延伸与患者更好的无进展生存有关。
一项涉及17项研究,包含925位患者的meta分析评估了GKS治疗无功能垂体腺瘤的有效性。[74]Chen Y, Li ZF, Zhang FX, et al. Gamma knife surgery for patients with volumetric classification of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013;169:487-495.http://www.eje-online.org/content/169/4/487.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23904281?tool=bestpractice.com研究显示肿瘤体积与成功的治疗效果负相关。如果肿瘤体积<2 mL,则肿瘤的控制率为 99%;如果肿瘤体积为 2 至 4 mL,则控制率为 95%;如果肿瘤体积>4 mL,则控制率为 91%。肿瘤体积<2 mL 时,放射治疗引起的视神经病和放射治疗引起的内分泌功能紊乱的发生率相似,为 1%;肿瘤体积为 2 至 4 mL 时,分别为 0% 和 7%;肿瘤体积>4 mL 时,分别为 2% 和 22%。3组中辐射剂量相似。研究总结出肿瘤体积小于4mL时GKS是最有效的治疗。
一项新的外科技术称为垂体置换,目的是减少海绵窦内残余肿瘤计划放疗病例的正常垂体组织的辐射剂量。技术包括适形放疗或立体定向放射外科治疗前在正常垂体腺和残余肿瘤之间放置脂肪移植物。一项研究显示,接受垂体置换的34位患者(包括19位CNFPAs患者),随访4年后,没有1位发展成新发垂体机能减退。[75]Taussky P, Kalra R, Coppens J, et al. Endocrinological outcome after pituitary transposition (hypophysopexy) and adjuvant radiotherapy for tumors involving the cavernous sinus. J Neurosurg. 2011;115:55-62.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21395389?tool=bestpractice.com该研究结果需要进一步的长期研究证实。
激素治疗
临床无功能垂体腺瘤(CNFPAs)与导致中央性肾上腺皮质功能不全、甲状腺功能减退、性腺机能减退、生长激素缺乏的垂体机能减退有关。在生化检查和临床表现基础上替代治疗可能是必要的。替代激素包括甲状腺激素、糖皮质激素、雌二醇或雄激素和生长激素(促生长激素)。有完整子宫的女性,如每日接受雌二醇治疗,应该服用孕激素防止子宫内膜囊性增生和癌变可能。
一项评估CNFPAs和继发性肾上腺皮质功能不全患者低、中、高剂量糖皮质激素替代疗法的长期死亡率情况的研究发现,高糖皮质激素替代剂量与升高的整体死亡率有关。该研究进一步证实CNFPAs和HPA轴功能不全患者平衡和调整的糖皮质激素替代疗法的重要性。[76]Zueger T, Kirchner P, Herren C, et al. Glucocorticoid replacement and mortality in patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:E1938-E1942.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22872686?tool=bestpractice.com
药物治疗
药物治疗可用于TSS或放疗首次治疗后有残余或复发肿瘤的临床无功能垂体腺瘤(CNFPAs)患者的二线治疗。多巴胺受体激动剂(溴隐亭、卡麦角林)的应用只限于一些小型研究,且并未取得一致的结果。
CNFPAs在细胞表面表达多巴胺和生长抑素受体,向促性腺激素细胞来源的肿瘤细胞培养中加入多巴胺激动剂可抑制促性腺激素和α亚单位的表达。[77]Pivonello R, Matrone C, Filippella M, et al. Dopamine receptor expression and function in clinically nonfunctioning pituitary tumors: comparison with the effectiveness of cabergoline treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:1674-1683.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15070930?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Bevan JS, Burke CW. Non-functioning pituitary adenomas do not regress during bromocriptine therapy but possess membrane-bound dopamine receptors which bind bromocriptine. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1986;25:561-572.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3621623?tool=bestpractice.com[79]Kwekkeboom DJ, Hofland LJ, van Koetsveld PM, et al. Bromocriptine increasingly suppresses the in vitro gonadotropin and alpha-subunit release from pituitary adenomas during long term culture. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;71:718-724.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2394776?tool=bestpractice.com[80]Colao A, Di Somma C, Pivonello R, et al. Medical therapy for clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2008;15:905-915.http://erc.endocrinology-journals.org/cgi/content/full/15/4/905http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18780796?tool=bestpractice.com与生长抑素类似物相比,多巴胺激动剂在减小肿瘤体积方面更有效。[80]Colao A, Di Somma C, Pivonello R, et al. Medical therapy for clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2008;15:905-915.http://erc.endocrinology-journals.org/cgi/content/full/15/4/905http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18780796?tool=bestpractice.com
卡麦角林,一种有效的特异性多巴胺D2受体激动剂,用于残余肿瘤的术后药物治疗。在一项涉及9位TSS后残余肿瘤的患者研究中,服用卡麦角林1年后,分别在80%和60%患者中出现视力改善及肿瘤缩小。[77]Pivonello R, Matrone C, Filippella M, et al. Dopamine receptor expression and function in clinically nonfunctioning pituitary tumors: comparison with the effectiveness of cabergoline treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:1674-1683.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15070930?tool=bestpractice.com另一项研究评估了13位患者。在7位(54%)患者观察到超过10%的肿瘤缩小,2/9(22%)患者异常视力有所改善。[81]Lohmann T, Trantakis C, Biesold M, et al. Minor tumour shrinkage in nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas by long-term treatment with the dopamine agonist cabergoline. Pituitary. 2001;4:173-178.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12138990?tool=bestpractice.com
一项研究评估了10位奥曲肽和卡麦角林治疗6个月的CNFPAs患者。7位患者LH,FSH,α亚单位水平下降至少50%。其中6位肿瘤缩小至少18%,平均30%。[82]Andersen M, Bjerre P, Schrøder HD, et al. In vivo secretory potential and the effect of combination therapy with octreotide and cabergoline in patients with clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2001;54:23-30.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11167922?tool=bestpractice.com
进一步综述发现使用超过平均疗程6个月的奥曲肽,肿瘤减小5%;32%患者视野有所改善。[80]Colao A, Di Somma C, Pivonello R, et al. Medical therapy for clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2008;15:905-915.http://erc.endocrinology-journals.org/cgi/content/full/15/4/905http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18780796?tool=bestpractice.com用奥曲肽治疗在肿瘤大小改变之前可快速改善症状如头痛及视野缺损。考虑这与直接作用于视网膜和视神经有关。[80]Colao A, Di Somma C, Pivonello R, et al. Medical therapy for clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2008;15:905-915.http://erc.endocrinology-journals.org/cgi/content/full/15/4/905http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18780796?tool=bestpractice.com
一项研究评估多巴胺激动剂治疗术后残余肿瘤患者情况。超过40个月的随访,术后立即使用多巴胺受体激动剂的20例患者中,18例患者(90%)的肿瘤停止了生长或是减慢了生长速度,而在未应用多巴胺受体激动剂的47例患者中,仅有18例患者(38%)的肿瘤停止或减慢生长。随访中有肿瘤生长证据后接受多巴胺激动剂的8/13 (62%)患者肿瘤生长稳定。术后立即使用多巴胺激动剂的患者无肿瘤生长生存104个月,随访有肿瘤生长证据后开始使用多巴胺激动剂的患者是44个月,术后未使用多巴胺激动剂的患者是37个月。[83]Greenman Y, Tordjman K, Osher E, et. al. Postoperative treatment of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas with dopamine agonists decreases tumour remnant growth. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005;63:39-44.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15963059?tool=bestpractice.com另一项包括19位CNFPAs患者(11位垂体手术后)研究中,随访超过6个月,31%的患者卡麦角林治疗使肿瘤体积减小超过25%。[84]Garcia EC, Naves LA, Silva AO, et al. Short-term treatment with cabergoline can lead to tumor shrinkage in patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Pituitary. 2013;16:189-194.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22740242?tool=bestpractice.com
少有研究涉及生长抑素类似物和多巴胺激动剂组合治疗CNFPAs患者。[80]Colao A, Di Somma C, Pivonello R, et al. Medical therapy for clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2008;15:905-915.http://erc.endocrinology-journals.org/cgi/content/full/15/4/905http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18780796?tool=bestpractice.com
在帕金森患者中,大剂量的卡麦角林(>3 mg/d)被认为和心脏瓣膜病具有显著的相关性。[85]Schade R, Andersohn F, Suissa S, et al. Dopamine agonists and the risk of cardiac-valve regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:29-38.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/356/1/29.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17202453?tool=bestpractice.com[86]Zanettini R, Antonini A, Gatto G, et al. Valvular heart disease and the use of dopamine agonists for Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:39-46.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/356/1/39.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17202454?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Antonini A, Poewe W. Fibrotic heart-valve reactions to dopamine-agonist treatment in Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:826-829.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17706566?tool=bestpractice.com采用通常用于治疗催乳素瘤患者的较低剂量时,大多数研究没有显示出任何心脏瓣膜病的证据。