临床无功能垂体腺瘤(CNFPAs)患者一般预后较好。垂体腺瘤的10年无进展生存率达80%-94%。[69]Park P, Chandler WF, Barkan AL, et al. The role of radiation therapy after surgical resection of nonfunctional pituitary macroadenomas. Neurosurgery. 2004;55:100-106.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15214978?tool=bestpractice.com微小腺瘤观察即可。垂体微小腺瘤患者肿瘤生长风险较小,平均随访1.8到6.7年,生长风险大约在0%-14%。这些肿瘤一般是良性的且生长缓慢。巨大腺瘤有生长可能,甚至在无症状时即可诊断,需要十分严密的监控。在垂体偶发瘤和无功能垂体腺瘤患者的meta分析中,与微小腺瘤的3.3/100人年和囊性病变的0.05/100人年相比,巨大腺瘤的肿瘤生长的发生率较高,达12.5/100人年。[41]Fernandez-Balsells MM, Murad MH, Barwise A, et al. Natural history of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas and incidentalomas: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:905-912.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21474687?tool=bestpractice.com
在一项回顾性研究中,与45到64岁年龄组和超过65岁年龄组相比,大于45岁年龄组患者垂体机能减退复发风险较高。[89]Robenshtok E, Benbassat CA, Hirsch D, et al. Clinical course and outcome of non-functioning pituitary adenomas in the elderly compared with younger age groups. Endocr Pract. 2014;20:159-164.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24013994?tool=bestpractice.com另一项研究中,与男性和绝经后女性相比绝经前女性激素治疗效果更好。[90]Caputo C, Sutherland T, Farish S, et al. Gender differences in presentation and outcome of nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013;78:564-570.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22889015?tool=bestpractice.com
垂体机能减退患者需要早期诊断以及适当的激素替代治疗。与一般人群相比CNFPAs患者出现代谢性综合征尤其是血脂异常的风险更高,这只能用垂体机能减退或激素替代治疗做部分解释。[91]Joustra SD, Claessen KM, Dekkers OM, et al. High prevalence of metabolic syndrome features in patients previously treated for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma. PLoS One. 2014;9:e90602.http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0090602http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24608862?tool=bestpractice.comCNFPAs患者死亡风险增加,尤其是继发于心血管疾病。[7]Chanson P, Salenave S. Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas. Minerva Endocrinol. 2004;29:241-275.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15765032?tool=bestpractice.com
关注放疗的长期后遗症,尤其是垂体机能减退,10年后大约50%患者会出现。[71]Brada M, Jankowska P. Radiotherapy for pituitary adenoma. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008;37:263-275.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18226740?tool=bestpractice.com其他罕见副作用包括视神经病变,脑血管意外,脑坏死,继发性恶性肿瘤。[71]Brada M, Jankowska P. Radiotherapy for pituitary adenoma. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008;37:263-275.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18226740?tool=bestpractice.com患者需要通过影像学检查,最好是MRI,进行密切随访。
与无垂体腺瘤的人相比,垂体腺瘤患者术前和术后生活质量(QoL)较低,虽然在某些患者并非如此。[18]Nielsen EH, Lindholm J, Laurberg P, et al. Nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma: incidence, causes of death and quality of life in relation to pituitary function. Pituitary. 2007;10:67-73.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17356906?tool=bestpractice.com[92]Johnson MD, Woodburn CJ, Vance ML. Quality of life in patients with a pituitary adenoma. Pituitary. 2003;6:81-87.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14703017?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Dekkers OM, van der Klaauw AA, Pereira AM, et al. Quality of life is decreased after treatment for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:3364-3369.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16787991?tool=bestpractice.com[94]Soto-Ares G, Cortet-Rudelli C, Assaker R, et al. MRI protocol technique in the optimal therapeutic strategy of non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002;146:179-186.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11834426?tool=bestpractice.com一项研究报告了193位CNFPAs患者的生活质量(QoL)情况。用3种验证健康相关生活质量问卷调查对这些患者做了评估。与健康UK对照相比,CNFPAs患者生活质量和主观健康感知没有显著损害。在亚组多变量分析中,下列因素与生活质量问卷中的分数显著受损有关:年龄,女性,未治疗的性腺机能减退,肿瘤复发,视野缺损。[95]Capatina C, Christodoulides C, Fernandez A, et al. Current treatment protocols can offer a normal or near-normal quality of life in the majority of patients with non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013;78:86-93.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22640418?tool=bestpractice.com