垂体腺瘤

Chanson P, Salenave S. Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas. Minerva Endocrinol. 2004;29:241-275.

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Sibal L, Ball SG, Connolly V, et al. Pituitary apoplexy: a review of clinical presentation, management and outcome in 45 cases. Pituitary. 2004;7:157-163.

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Dekkers OM, Pereira AM, Romijn JA, et al. Treatment and follow-up of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:3717-3726.

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Shomali ME, Katznelson L. Medical therapy of gonadotropin-producing and nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Pituitary. 2002;5:89-98.

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Dekkers OM, Hammer S, de Keizer RJ, et al. The natural course of non-functioning pituitary macroadenomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007;156:217-224.

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Karavitaki N, Collison K, Halliday J, et al. What is the natural history of nonoperated nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007;67:938-943.

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Molitch ME. Nonfunctioning pituitary tumors and pituitary incidentalomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008;37:151-171.

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Dekkers OM, Pereira AM, Roelfsema F, et al. Observation alone after transsphenoidal surgery for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:1796-1801.

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Mortini P, Losa M, Barzaghi R, et al. Results of transsphenoidal surgery in a large series of patients with pituitary adenoma. Neurosurgery. 2005;56:1222-1233.

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Brada M, Jankowska P. Radiotherapy for pituitary adenoma. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008;37:263-275.

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Pivonello R, Matrone C, Filippella M, et al. Dopamine receptor expression and function in clinically nonfunctioning pituitary tumors: comparison with the effectiveness of cabergoline treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:1674-1683.

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1.  Surawicz TS, McCarthy BJ, Kupelian V, et al. Descriptive epidemiology of primary brain and CNS tumors: results from the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, 1990-1994. Neuro Oncol. 1999;1:14-25.

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2.  Freda PU, Post KD. Differential diagnosis of sellar masses. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1999;28:81-117.

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3.  Ironside JW. Best Practice No 172: pituitary gland pathology. J Clin Pathol. 2003;56:561-568.

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7.  Chanson P, Salenave S. Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas. Minerva Endocrinol. 2004;29:241-275.

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8.  Verrees M, Arafah BM, Selman WR. Pituitary tumor apoplexy: characteristics, treatment, and outcomes. Neurosurg Focus. 2004;16:E6.

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9.  Sibal L, Ball SG, Connolly V, et al. Pituitary apoplexy: a review of clinical presentation, management and outcome in 45 cases. Pituitary. 2004;7:157-163.

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10.  Heseltine D, White MC, Kendall-Taylor P, et al. Testicular enlargement and elevated serum inhibin concentrations occur in patients with pituitary macroadenomas secreting follicle stimulating hormone. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1989;31:411-423.

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11.  Cooper O, Geller JL, Melmed S. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome caused by an FSH-secreting pituitary adenoma. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008;4:234-238.

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12.  Djerassi A, Coutifaris C, West VA, et al. Gonadotroph adenoma in a premenopausal woman secreting follicle-stimulating hormone and causing ovarian hyperstimulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995;80:591-594.

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13.  Snyder PJ, Sterling FH. Hypersecretion of LH and FSH by a pituitary adenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1976;42:544-550.

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14.  Davis JR, Farrell WE, Clayton RN. Pituitary tumours. Reproduction. 2001;121:363-371.

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15.  Daly AF, Rixhon M, Adam C, et al. High prevalence of pituitary adenomas: a cross-sectional study in the province of Liege, Belgium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:4769-4775.

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16.  Monson JP. The epidemiology of endocrine tumours. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2000;7:29-36.

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17.  Faglia G. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1993;129(suppl 1):1-5.

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18.  Nielsen EH, Lindholm J, Laurberg P, et al. Nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma: incidence, causes of death and quality of life in relation to pituitary function. Pituitary. 2007;10:67-73.

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19.  Dekkers OM, Pereira AM, Romijn JA, et al. Treatment and follow-up of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:3717-3726.

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20.  Billestrup N, Swanson LW, Vale W. Growth hormone-releasing factor stimulates proliferation of somatotrophs in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1986;83:6854-6857.

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21.  Herman V, Fagin J, Gonsky R, et al. Clonal origin of pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;71:1427-1433.

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22.  Alexander JM, Biller BM, Bikkal H, et al. Clinically nonfunctioning pituitary tumors are monoclonal in origin. J Clin Invest. 1990;86:336-340.

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23.  Shimon I, Melmed S. Genetic basis of endocrine disease: pituitary tumor pathogenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:1675-1681.

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24.  Melmed S. Pathogenesis of pituitary tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1999;28:1-12.

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25.  Simpson DJ, Bicknell JE, McNicol AM, et al. Hypermethylation of the p16/CDKN2A/MTSI gene and loss of protein expression is associated with nonfunctional pituitary adenomas but not somatotrophinomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1999;24:328-336.

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26.  Ruebel KH, Jin L, Zhang S, et al. Inactivation of the p16 gene in human pituitary nonfunctioning tumors by hypermethylation is more common in null cell adenomas. Endocr Pathol. 2001;12:281-289.

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27.  Occhi G, Albiger N, Berlucchi S, et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in the human pituitary gland: expression and splicing pattern in adenomas versus normal pituitary. J Neuroendocrinol. 2007;19:552-559.

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28.  Emery MN, Leontiou C, Bonner SE, et al. PPAR-gamma expression in pituitary tumours and the functional activity of the glitazones: evidence that any anti-proliferative effect of the glitazones is independent of the PPAR-gamma receptor. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006;65:389-395.

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29.  Heaney AP, Fernando M, Melmed S. PPAR-gamma receptor ligands: novel therapy for pituitary adenomas. J Clin Invest. 2003;111:1381-1388.

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30.  European Medicines Agency. Questions and answers on the suspension of rosiglitazone-containing medicines (Avandia, Avandamet and Avaglim). 2010. http://www.ema.europa.eu (last accessed 18 October 2016).

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31.  Zhang X, Horwitz GA, Heaney AP, et al. Pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) expression in pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:761-767.

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32.  McCabe CJ, Khaira JS, Boelaert K, et al. Expression of pituitary tumour transforming gene (PTTG) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) in human pituitary adenomas: relationships to clinical tumour behaviour. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003; 58:141-150.

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33.  Levy A. Molecular and trophic mechanisms of tumorigenesis. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2008;37:23-50.

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34.  Daly AF, Jaffrain-Rea ML, Ciccarelli A, et al. Clinical characterization of familial isolated pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:3316-3323.

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35.  Beckers A, Daly AF. The clinical, pathological, and genetic features of familial isolated pituitary adenomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007;157:371-382.

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36.  Katznelson L, Alexander JM, Klibanski A. Clinical review 45: Clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76:1089-1094.

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37.  Shomali ME, Katznelson L. Medical therapy of gonadotropin-producing and nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Pituitary. 2002;5:89-98.

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38.  Young WF Jr, Scheithauer BW, Kovacs KT, et al. Gonadotroph adenoma of the pituitary gland: a clinicopathologic analysis of 100 cases. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996;71:649-656.

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39.  Randeva HS, Schoebel J, Byrne J, et al. Classical pituitary apoplexy: clinical features, management and outcome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999;51:181-188.

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40.  Nielsen EH, Lindholm J, Bjerre P, et al. Frequent occurrence of pituitary apoplexy in patients with non-functioning pituitary adenoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006; 64:319-322.

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41.  Fernandez-Balsells MM, Murad MH, Barwise A, et al. Natural history of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas and incidentalomas: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:905-912.

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42.  Biller BM, Samuels MH, Zagar A, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of six tests for the diagnosis of adult GH deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:2067-2079.

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43.  Yuen KC, Biller BM, Molitch ME, et al. Clinical review: Is lack of recombinant growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone in the United States a setback or time to consider glucagon testing for adult GH deficiency? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94:2702-2707.

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44.  Gordon DL, Emanuele MA. Hot flashes in patients with hypogonadism and low serum gonadotropin levels. Endocr Pract. 2003;9:119-123.

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45.  Bleicken B, Hahner S, Ventz M, et al. Delayed diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency is common: a cross-sectional study in 216 patients. Am J Med Sci. 2010;339:525-531.

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46.  Pineyro MM, Makdissi A, Faiman C, et al. Poor correlation of serum alpha-subunit concentration and magnetic resonance imaging following pituitary surgery in patients with nonfunctional pituitary macroadenomas. Endocr Pract. 2008;14:452-457.

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47.  Fleseriu M, Lee M, Pineyro MM, et al. Giant invasive pituitary prolactinoma with falsely low serum prolactin: the significance of 'hook effect'. J Neurooncol. 2006;79:41-43.

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48.  Gopan T, Toms SA, Prayson RA, et al. Symptomatic pituitary metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Pituitary. 2007;10:251-259.

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49.  Brandi ML, Gagel RF, Angeli A, et al. Guidelines for diagnosis and therapy of MEN type 1 and type 2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:5658-5671.

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50.  Dekkers OM, Hammer S, de Keizer RJ, et al. The natural course of non-functioning pituitary macroadenomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007;156:217-224.

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51.  Feldkamp J, Santen R, Harms E, et al. Incidentally discovered pituitary lesions: high frequency of macroadenomas and hormone-secreting adenomas - results of a prospective study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999;51:109-113.

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52.  Reincke M, Allolio B, Saeger W, et al. The 'incidentaloma' of the pituitary gland. Is neurosurgery required? JAMA. 1990;263:2772-2776.

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53.  Donovan LE, Corenblum B. The natural history of the pituitary incidentaloma. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:181-183.

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54.  Nishizawa S, Ohta S, Yokoyama T, et al. Therapeutic strategy for incidentally found pituitary tumors ("pituitary incidentalomas"). Neurosurgery. 1998; 43:1344-1348.

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55.  Karavitaki N, Collison K, Halliday J, et al. What is the natural history of nonoperated nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007;67:938-943.

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56.  Orija IB, Weil RJ, Hamrahian AH. Pituitary incidentaloma. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;26:47-68.

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57.  Gittoes NJ, Sheppard MC, Johnson AP, et al. Outcome of surgery for acromegaly - the experience of a dedicated pituitary surgeon. QJM. 1999;92:741-745.

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58.  Tabaee A, Anand VK, Barron Y, et al. Endoscopic pituitary surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg. 2009;111:545-554.

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59.  Pereira AM, Biermasz NR. Treatment of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: what were the contributions of the last 10 years? A critical view. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2012;73:111-116.

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60.  DeKlotz TR, Chia SH, Lu W, et al. Meta-analysis of endoscopic versus sublabial pituitary surgery. Laryngoscope. 2012;122:511-518.

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61.  Dorward NL. Endocrine outcomes in endoscopic pituitary surgery: a literature review. Acta Neurochir. 2010;152:1275-1279.

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62.  Molitch ME. Nonfunctioning pituitary tumors and pituitary incidentalomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008;37:151-171.

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63.  Dekkers OM, Pereira AM, Roelfsema F, et al. Observation alone after transsphenoidal surgery for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:1796-1801.

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64.  Arita K, Tominaga A, Sugiyama K, et al. Natural course of incidentally found nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma, with special reference to pituitary apoplexy during follow-up examination. J Neurosurg. 2006;104:884-891.

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65.  Mortini P, Losa M, Barzaghi R, et al. Results of transsphenoidal surgery in a large series of patients with pituitary adenoma. Neurosurgery. 2005;56:1222-1233.

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66.  Marazuela M, Astigarraga B, Vicente A, et al. Recovery of visual and endocrine function following transsphenoidal surgery of large nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. J Endocrinol Invest. 1994;17:703-707.

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67.  Arafah BM. Reversible hypopituitarism in patients with large nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986;62:1173-1179.

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68.  Losa M, Donofrio CA, Barzaghi R, et al. Presentation and surgical results of incidentally discovered non-functioning pituitary adenomas: evidence for a better outcome independently of other patients' characteristics. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013;169:735-742.

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69.  Park P, Chandler WF, Barkan AL, et al. The role of radiation therapy after surgical resection of nonfunctional pituitary macroadenomas. Neurosurgery. 2004;55:100-106.

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70.  Tanaka Y, Hongo K, Tada T, et al. Growth pattern and rate in residual nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: correlations among tumor volume doubling time, patient age, and MIB-1 index. J Neurosurg. 2003;98:359-365.

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71.  Brada M, Jankowska P. Radiotherapy for pituitary adenoma. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008;37:263-275.

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72.  Loeffler JS, Shih HA. Radiation therapy in the management of pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1992-2003.

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73.  Sheehan JP, Starke RM, Mathieu D, et al. Gamma Knife radiosurgery for the management of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: a multicenter study. J Neurosurg. 2013;119:446-456.

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74.  Chen Y, Li ZF, Zhang FX, et al. Gamma knife surgery for patients with volumetric classification of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013;169:487-495.

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75.  Taussky P, Kalra R, Coppens J, et al. Endocrinological outcome after pituitary transposition (hypophysopexy) and adjuvant radiotherapy for tumors involving the cavernous sinus. J Neurosurg. 2011;115:55-62.

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76.  Zueger T, Kirchner P, Herren C, et al. Glucocorticoid replacement and mortality in patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:E1938-E1942.

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77.  Pivonello R, Matrone C, Filippella M, et al. Dopamine receptor expression and function in clinically nonfunctioning pituitary tumors: comparison with the effectiveness of cabergoline treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:1674-1683.

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78.  Bevan JS, Burke CW. Non-functioning pituitary adenomas do not regress during bromocriptine therapy but possess membrane-bound dopamine receptors which bind bromocriptine. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1986;25:561-572.

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79.  Kwekkeboom DJ, Hofland LJ, van Koetsveld PM, et al. Bromocriptine increasingly suppresses the in vitro gonadotropin and alpha-subunit release from pituitary adenomas during long term culture. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;71:718-724.

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80.  Colao A, Di Somma C, Pivonello R, et al. Medical therapy for clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2008;15:905-915.

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81.  Lohmann T, Trantakis C, Biesold M, et al. Minor tumour shrinkage in nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas by long-term treatment with the dopamine agonist cabergoline. Pituitary. 2001;4:173-178.

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82.  Andersen M, Bjerre P, Schrøder HD, et al. In vivo secretory potential and the effect of combination therapy with octreotide and cabergoline in patients with clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2001;54:23-30.

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83.  Greenman Y, Tordjman K, Osher E, et. al. Postoperative treatment of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas with dopamine agonists decreases tumour remnant growth. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005;63:39-44.

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84.  Garcia EC, Naves LA, Silva AO, et al. Short-term treatment with cabergoline can lead to tumor shrinkage in patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Pituitary. 2013;16:189-194.

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85.  Schade R, Andersohn F, Suissa S, et al. Dopamine agonists and the risk of cardiac-valve regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:29-38.

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86.  Zanettini R, Antonini A, Gatto G, et al. Valvular heart disease and the use of dopamine agonists for Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:39-46.

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87.  Antonini A, Poewe W. Fibrotic heart-valve reactions to dopamine-agonist treatment in Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol. 2007;6:826-829.

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88.  McCormack AI, Wass JA, Grossman AB. Aggressive pituitary tumours: the role of temozolomide and the assessment of MGMT status. Eur J Clin Invest. 2011;41:1133-1148.

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89.  Robenshtok E, Benbassat CA, Hirsch D, et al. Clinical course and outcome of non-functioning pituitary adenomas in the elderly compared with younger age groups. Endocr Pract. 2014;20:159-164.

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90.  Caputo C, Sutherland T, Farish S, et al. Gender differences in presentation and outcome of nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013;78:564-570.

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91.  Joustra SD, Claessen KM, Dekkers OM, et al. High prevalence of metabolic syndrome features in patients previously treated for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma. PLoS One. 2014;9:e90602.

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92.  Johnson MD, Woodburn CJ, Vance ML. Quality of life in patients with a pituitary adenoma. Pituitary. 2003;6:81-87.

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93.  Dekkers OM, van der Klaauw AA, Pereira AM, et al. Quality of life is decreased after treatment for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:3364-3369.

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94.  Soto-Ares G, Cortet-Rudelli C, Assaker R, et al. MRI protocol technique in the optimal therapeutic strategy of non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2002;146:179-186.

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95.  Capatina C, Christodoulides C, Fernandez A, et al. Current treatment protocols can offer a normal or near-normal quality of life in the majority of patients with non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013;78:86-93.

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96.  Laws ER Jr, Thapar K. Pituitary surgery. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1999;28:119-131.

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97.  Jackson IM, Noren G. Role of gamma knife therapy in the management of pituitary tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1999;28:133-142.

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98.  Chen Y, Wang CD, Su ZP, et al. Natural history of postoperative nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroendocrinology. 2012;96:333-342.

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99.  Freda PU, Beckers AM, Katznelson L, et al. Pituitary incidentaloma: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:894-904.

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100.  Šteňo A, Bocko J, Rychlý B, et al. Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: association of Ki-67 and HMGA-1 labeling indices with residual tumor growth. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2014;156:451-461;discussion 461.

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