尽管常规预防性使用扑热息痛来防止发热性非溶血性输血反应,但实际上没有什么证据支持这一做法。[8]Tobian AA, King KE, Ness PM. Transfusion premedications: a growing practice not based on evidence. Transfusion. 2007;47:1089-1096.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17524101?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Geiger TL, Howard SC. Acetaminophen and diphenhydramine premedication for allergic and febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions: good prophylaxis or bad practice? Transfus Med Rev. 2007;21:1-12.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17174216http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17174216?tool=bestpractice.com
已证明,贮血前去白能显著降低发热性非溶血性输血溶血反应的发生。[32]Blajchman MA. The clinical benefits of the leukoreduction of blood products. J Trauma. 2006;60(6 Suppl):S83-S90.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16763486?tool=bestpractice.com在许多国家,广泛实行血供品去白细胞。
通常预先用抗组胺药来预防变态反应。实际上没有证据支持这一做法。[8]Tobian AA, King KE, Ness PM. Transfusion premedications: a growing practice not based on evidence. Transfusion. 2007;47:1089-1096.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17524101?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Geiger TL, Howard SC. Acetaminophen and diphenhydramine premedication for allergic and febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions: good prophylaxis or bad practice? Transfus Med Rev. 2007;21:1-12.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17174216http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17174216?tool=bestpractice.com[33]Martí-Carvajal AJ, Solà I, González LE, et al. Pharmacological interventions for the prevention of allergic and febrile non-haemolytic transfusion reactions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jun 16;6:CD007539.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20556779?tool=bestpractice.com然而,预先使用苯海拉明可帮助多次输血荨麻疹反应病史的患者。也可以考虑给患者输洗涤血制品成分。[12]Mazzei CA, Popovsky MA, Kopko PM. Noninfectious complications of blood transfusion. In: Roback JD, Combs MR, Grossman BJ, et al., eds. Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda, MD: American Association of Blood Banks; 2008:715-749.
已知 IgA 缺乏的患者(以及产生抗-IgA 抗体的患者)输血浆制品时,应选 IgA 缺乏的供体血。[12]Mazzei CA, Popovsky MA, Kopko PM. Noninfectious complications of blood transfusion. In: Roback JD, Combs MR, Grossman BJ, et al., eds. Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda, MD: American Association of Blood Banks; 2008:715-749.红细胞和血小板应进行输血前洗涤,可有效去除血浆蛋白。[12]Mazzei CA, Popovsky MA, Kopko PM. Noninfectious complications of blood transfusion. In: Roback JD, Combs MR, Grossman BJ, et al., eds. Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda, MD: American Association of Blood Banks; 2008:715-749.
有输血后紫癜病史的患者后续输血应选择抗原匹配的供体血。这一做法应该咨询血库。[12]Mazzei CA, Popovsky MA, Kopko PM. Noninfectious complications of blood transfusion. In: Roback JD, Combs MR, Grossman BJ, et al., eds. Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda, MD: American Association of Blood Banks; 2008:715-749.
输血相关移植物抗宿主病的危险因素包括白血病或淋巴瘤、使用免疫抑制药物、先天性免疫缺陷或新生儿。[34]Australian & New Zealand Society of Blood Transfusion. Guidelines for prevention of transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease (TA-GVHD). Sydney, Australia: Australian & New Zealand Society of Blood Transfusion Ltd; 2011.https://www.anzsbt.org.au/data/documents/Archived_guidelines/PreventionofTA-GVHD.pdf患者应接受输血前辐照的成分血。辐照清除了引起移植物抗宿主病的淋巴细胞,它们参与细胞介导的免疫反应。[19]Dwyre DM, Holland PV. Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease. Vox Sang. 2008;95:85-93.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18544121?tool=bestpractice.com
低体温与大容量输血有关。加热血制品可避免低体温。[30]Perrota PL, Snyder EL. Non-infectious complications of transfusion therapy. Blood Rev. 2001;15:69-83.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11409907?tool=bestpractice.com
女性供体比男性中的白细胞抗体更多见,预防输血相关急性肺损伤 (TRALI) 的策略是血浆供者库不采纳女性供血者。自从英国 2004 年第一个排除女性血浆供者以来,多个其他国家也实施或正考虑这一策略来预防TRALI。[35]Middelburg RA, van Stein D, Zupanska B, et al. Female donors and transfusion-related acute lung injury. Transfusion. 2010;50:2447-2454.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20529001?tool=bestpractice.com尽管尚未证实这种策略的有效性,但近期的系统评价支持使用这种策略。[36]Schmickl CN, Mastrobuoni S, Filippidis FT, et al. Male-predominant plasma transfusion strategy for preventing transfusion-related acute lung injury: a systematic review. Crit Care Med. 2015;43:205-225.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25514705?tool=bestpractice.com[37]Müller MC, van Stein D, Binnekade JM, et al. Low-risk transfusion-related acute lung injury donor strategies and the impact on the onset of transfusion-related acute lung injury: a meta-analysis. Transfusion. 2015;55:164-175.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/trf.12816/epdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25135630?tool=bestpractice.com