案例#1
28岁男性患者诉吞咽痛。临床发现口腔满布疏松的乳白色斑块病灶,无其他口腔症状。病变在颊,腭,咽黏膜尤为多见。2年前患者被诊断为HIV感染,但一直未接受抗逆转录病毒治疗。末次CD4计数及病毒载量测定为8月前。
案例#2
64岁男性诉上颌义齿根部烧灼感。患者既往有高血压及骨关节炎病史。平素服用噻嗪类利尿药,非选择性β受体阻滞剂,和非处方药(over the counter,OTC)类镇痛药。口腔检查发现,腭黏膜红斑严重,伴明显的颗粒状的外观。同时患者口腔黏膜干燥,唾液分泌量很少。
其他表现
其他不常见的口腔念珠菌病变类型包括正中菱形舌炎,增生性念珠菌病和线性牙龈红斑(inear gingival erythema,LGE)。正中菱形舌炎是念珠菌病的一种类型,表现为舌背中央菱形分布的无症状的红斑。[2]Neville BA, Damm DD, Allen CM, et al. Fungal and protozoal Diseases. In: Oral & maxillofacial pathology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 2002.这种病变通常是对称的,表面光滑或分叶状。[2]Neville BA, Damm DD, Allen CM, et al. Fungal and protozoal Diseases. In: Oral & maxillofacial pathology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 2002.
增生型念珠菌病累及深层组织,常造成组织增生性反应,根据角化水平变化,病灶可能有红色或白色的组分。病灶厚度及表面凹凸程度不同。这种类型的念珠菌病最少见,目前尚有争议。在一些分类中,增生型念珠菌病也被称为念珠菌白斑,指表现为无法擦除的白色斑块的念珠菌病。这种类型,特别是表现为红色和白色区域混合出现(色素性斑点)时,可能会有恶变倾向。[3]Walker DM, Arendorf T. Oral Candidosis. In: Samaranayake LP, MacFarlane TW, eds. Candidial leukoplakia, chronic multifocal candidosis and median rhomboid glossitis. London: Wright, 1990: 184-199.增生型念珠菌病在人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染者已有报道。[4]Phelan JA, Saltzman BR, Friedland GH, et al. Oral findings in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1987;64:50-56.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3475658?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Greenspan D, Greenspan JS. Oral lesions of HIV infections: features and therapy. AIDS Clin Rev. 1990;81-93.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2083181?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Classification and diagnostic criteria for oral lesions in HIV infection. EC-Clearinghouse on oral problems related to HIV infection and WHO Collaborating Centre on oral manifestations of the immunodeficiency virus. J Oral Pathol Med. 1993;22:289-291.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8229864?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Reznik DA. Oral manifestations of HIV disease. Top HIV Med. 2005;13:143-148.https://www.iasusa.org/sites/default/files/tam/13-5-143.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16377852?tool=bestpractice.com
其他已报道的相关疾病包括遗传性免疫疾病(黏膜皮肤念珠菌病)和涉及甲状腺功能减退,甲状旁腺功能减退,肾上腺功能减退或糖尿病的内分泌念珠菌病综合征。[2]Neville BA, Damm DD, Allen CM, et al. Fungal and protozoal Diseases. In: Oral & maxillofacial pathology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 2002.线性齿龈红斑是HIV相关的特异性牙周症状,表现为牙龈游离缘的线状或斑片状红斑。[5]Greenspan D, Greenspan JS. Oral lesions of HIV infections: features and therapy. AIDS Clin Rev. 1990;81-93.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2083181?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Robinson PG, Sheiham A, Challacombe SJ, et al. The periodontal health of homosexual men with HIV infection: a controlled study. Oral Dis. 1996;2:45-52.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8957937?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Robinson PG, Sheiham A, Challacombe SJ, et al. Periodontal health and HIV infection. Oral Dis. 1997;3(suppl 1):S149-S152.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9456679?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Lamster IB, Grbic JT, Mitchell-Lewis DA, et al. New concepts regarding pathogenesis of periodontal disease in HIV infection. Ann Periodontol. 1998;3:62-75.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9722691?tool=bestpractice.com线性齿龈红斑病灶常呈持续性,即使进行斑块移除或加强日常口腔护理。线性齿龈红斑与牙龈组织受白念珠菌侵袭有关, HIV的进展也会导致牙周组织破坏加重。[11]Velegraki A, Nicolatou O, Theodoridou M, et al. Pediatric AIDS-related linear gingival erythema: a form of erythematous candidiasis? J Oral Pathol Med. 1999;28:178-182.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10235372?tool=bestpractice.com