Classification and diagnostic criteria for oral lesions in HIV infection. EC-Clearinghouse on oral problems related to HIV infection and WHO Collaborating Centre on oral manifestations of the immunodeficiency virus. J Oral Pathol Med. 1993;22:289-291.
Ship JA, Vissink A, Challacombe SJ. Use of prophylactic antifungals in the immunocompromised host. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;103:S6.e1-e14.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institutes of Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. April 2015. https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/ (last accessed 26 March 2017).
Worthington HV, Clarkson JE, Khalid T, et al. Interventions for treating oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD001972.
Pienaar ED, Young T, Holmes H. Interventions for the prevention and management of oropharyngeal candidiasis associated with HIV infection in adults and children. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 2010;(11):CD003940.
Rex JH, Walsh TJ, Sobel JD, et al. Practice guidelines for the treatment of candidiasis. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30:662-678.
Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62:e1-e50.
Patton LL, Glick M, eds. Clinician's guide to treatment of HIV-infected patients, 3rd ed. Baltimore: American Academy of Oral Medicine; 2001:11-20.
Pons V, Greenspan D, Debruin M. Therapy for oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients: a randomized, prospective multicenter study of oral fluconazole versus clotrimazole troches. The Multicenter Study Group. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1993;6:1317-1318.
1. Raufman JP. Odynophagia/dysphagia in AIDS. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1988;17:599-614.
2. Neville BA, Damm DD, Allen CM, et al. Fungal and protozoal Diseases. In: Oral & maxillofacial pathology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 2002.
3. Walker DM, Arendorf T. Oral Candidosis. In: Samaranayake LP, MacFarlane TW, eds. Candidial leukoplakia, chronic multifocal candidosis and median rhomboid glossitis. London: Wright, 1990: 184-199.
4. Phelan JA, Saltzman BR, Friedland GH, et al. Oral findings in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1987;64:50-56.
5. Greenspan D, Greenspan JS. Oral lesions of HIV infections: features and therapy. AIDS Clin Rev. 1990;81-93.
6. Classification and diagnostic criteria for oral lesions in HIV infection. EC-Clearinghouse on oral problems related to HIV infection and WHO Collaborating Centre on oral manifestations of the immunodeficiency virus. J Oral Pathol Med. 1993;22:289-291.
8. Robinson PG, Sheiham A, Challacombe SJ, et al. The periodontal health of homosexual men with HIV infection: a controlled study. Oral Dis. 1996;2:45-52.
9. Robinson PG, Sheiham A, Challacombe SJ, et al. Periodontal health and HIV infection. Oral Dis. 1997;3(suppl 1):S149-S152.
10. Lamster IB, Grbic JT, Mitchell-Lewis DA, et al. New concepts regarding pathogenesis of periodontal disease in HIV infection. Ann Periodontol. 1998;3:62-75.
11. Velegraki A, Nicolatou O, Theodoridou M, et al. Pediatric AIDS-related linear gingival erythema: a form of erythematous candidiasis? J Oral Pathol Med. 1999;28:178-182.
12. Daniluk T, Tokajuk G, Stokowska W, et al. Occurrence rate of oral Candida albicans in denture wearer patients. Adv Med Sci. 2006;51:77-80.
13. Abu-Elteen KH, Abu-Alteen RM. The prevalence of Candida albicans populations in the mouths of complete denture wearers. New Microbiol. 1998;21:41-48.
14. Lyon JP, da Costa SC, Totti VM, et al. Predisposing conditions for Candida spp. carriage in the oral cavity of denture wearers and individuals with natural teeth. Can J Microbiol. 2006;52:462-467.
15. Rozkiewicz D, Daniluk T, Zaremba ML,et al. Oral Candida albicans carriage in healthy preschool and school children. Adv Med Sci. 2006;51:187-190.
16. Stokman MA, Spijkervet FK, Burlage FR,et al. Oral mucositis and selective elimination of oral flora in head and neck cancer patients receiving radiotherapy: a double-blind randomised clinical trial. Br J Cancer. 2003;88:1012-1016.
17. Tapper-Jones LM, Aldred MJ, Walker DM, et al. Candidal infections and populations of Candida albicans in mouths of diabetics. J Clin Pathol. 1981;34:706-711.
18. Campisi G, Pizzo G, Milici ME, et al. Candidal carriage in the oral cavity of human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002;93:281-286.
19. Erkose G, Erturan Z. Oral Candida colonization of human immunodeficiency virus infected subjects in Turkey and its relation with viral load and CD4+ T-lymphocyte count. Mycoses. 2007;50:485-490.
20. Soysa NS, Samaranayake LP, Ellopola AN. Cytotoxic drugs, radiotherapy and oral candidiasis. Oral Oncol. 2004;40:971-978.
21. Reichart PA. Oral manifestations in HIV infection: fungal and bacterial infections, Kaposi's sarcoma. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2003;192:165-169.
22. Ship JA, Vissink A, Challacombe SJ. Use of prophylactic antifungals in the immunocompromised host. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;103:S6.e1-e14.
23. Patton LL, McKaig R, Stauss R, et al. Changing prevalence of oral manifestations of human immuno-deficiency virus in the era of protease inhibitor therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000;89:299-304.
24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; National Institutes of Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. April 2015. https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/ (last accessed 26 March 2017).
25. Gottfredsson M, Cox GM, Indridason OS, et al. Association of plasma levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA and oropharyngeal Candida colonization. J Infect Dis. 1999 Aug;180(2):534-7.
26. Korting, HC, Schaller M, Eder G, et al. Effects of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proteinase inhibitors saquinavir and indinavir on in vitro activities of secreted aspartyl proteinases of Candida albicans isolates from HIV-infected patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999;43:2038-2042.
27. de Repentigny L, Lewandowski D, Jolicoeur. Immunopathogenesis of oropharyngeal candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17:729-759.
28. Sweet SP. Selection and pathogenicity of Candida albicans in HIV infection. Oral Dis. 1997;3:S89-S95.
29. Redding SW, Kirkpatrick WR, Dib O, et al. The epidemiology of non-albicans Candida in oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV patients. Spec Care Dentist. 2000;20:178-181.
30. Meiller TF, Jabra-Rizk MA, Baqui A, et al. Oral Candida dubliniensis as a clinically important species in HIV-seropositive patients in the United States. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1999;88:573-580.
31. Redding SW, Dahiya MC, Kirkpatrick WR, et al. Candida glabrata is an emerging cause of oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients receiving radiation for head and neck cancer. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004;97:47-52.
32. Fichtenbaum CJ, Powderly WG. Refractory mucosal candidiasis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;26:556-565.
33. Sangeorzan JA, Bradley SF, He X, et al. Epidemiology of oral candidiasis in HIV-infected patients: colonization, infection, treatment, and emergence of fluconazole resistance. Am J Med. 1994;97:339-346.
34. Reichart PA, Philipsen HP, Schmidt-Westhausen A, et al. Pseudomembranous candidiasis in HIV infection: ultrastructural findings. J Oral Path Med. 1995;24:276-281.
35. Sherwood J, Gow NA, Gooday GW, et al. Contact sensing in Candida albicans: a possible aid to epithelial penetration. J Med Vet Mycol. 1992;30:461-469.
36. Spellberg B, Edwards JE Jr. Type 1/type 2 immunity in infectious diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:76-102.
37. Wozniak KL, Leigh JE, Hager S,et al. A comprehensive study of Candida-specific antibodies in the saliva of human immunodeficiency virus-positive individuals with oropharyngeal candidiasis. J Infect Dis. 2002;185:1269-1276.
38. Schaller M, Mailhammer R, Korting HC. Cytokine expression induced by Candida albicans in a model of cutaneous candidosis based on reconstituted human epidermis. J Med Microbiol. 2002;51:672-676.
39. Grone A. Keratinocytes and cytokines. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2002;88:1-12.
40. Farah CS, Elahi S, Pang G, et al. T cells augment monocyte and neutrophil function in host resistance against oropharyngeal candidiasis. Infect Immun. 2001;69:6110-6118.
41. Fanello S, Bouchara JP, Sauteron M, et al. Predictive value of oral colonization by Candida yeasts for the onset of a nosocomial infection in elderly hospitalized patients. J Med Microbiol. 2006;55:223-228.
42. Emami, E, Taraf, H, de, Grandmont P, et al. The association of denture stomatitis and partial removable dental prostheses: a systematic review. Int J Prosthodont. 2012;25:113-119.
43. Matee MI, Simon E, Christensen MF, et al. Association between carriage of oral yeasts and malnutrition among Tanzanian infants aged 6-24 months. Oral Dis. 1995;1:37-42.
44. Jabra-Rizk MA, Falkler WA Jr, Enwonwu CO, et al. Prevalence of yeast among children in Nigeria and the United States. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2001;16:383-385.
45. Paillaud E, Merlier I, Dupeyron C, et al. Oral candidiasis and nutritional deficiencies in elderly hospitalised patients.Br J Nutr. 2004;92:861-867.
46. Davies AN, Brailsford SR, Beighton D. Oral candidosis in patients with advanced cancer. Oral Oncol. 2006;42:698-702.
47. Phelan JA, Begg MD, Lamster IB, et al. Oral candidiasis in HIV infection: predictive value and comparison of findings in injecting drug users and homosexual men. J Oral Pathol Med. 1997;26:237-243.
48. Takasawa H, Takahashi Y, Abe M, et al. An elderly case of type 2 diabetes which developed in association with oral and esophageal candidiasis. Intern Med. 2007;46:387-390.
49. Gulec AT, Demirbilek M, Seçkin D, et al. Superficial fungal infections in 102 renal transplant recipients: a case-control study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003;49:187-192.
50. Sarifakioglu E, Gunduz C, Gorpelioglu C. Oral mucosa manifestations in 100 pregnant versus non-pregnant patients: an epidemiological observational study. Eur J Dermatol. 2006;16:674-676.
51. Myllarniemi S, Perheentupa J. Oral findings in the autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidosis syndrome (APECS) and other forms of hypoparathyroidism. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1978;45:721-729.
52. Walls AW, Soames JV. Dental manifestations of autoimmune hypoparathyroidism. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1993;75:452-454.
53. Meunier F, Paesmans M, Autier P. Value of antifungal prophylaxis with antifungal drugs against oropharyngeal candidiasis in cancer patients. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol. 1994;30B:196-199.
54. Clarkson JE, Worthington HV, Eden OB. Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1):CD003807.
55. Worthington HV, Clarkson JE, Khalid T, et al. Interventions for treating oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD001972.
56. Lalla RV, Latortue MC, Hong CH, et al. A systematic review of oral fungal infections in patients receiving cancer therapy. Support Care Cancer. 2010;18:985-992.
57. Powderly WG, Finkelstein D, Feinberg J, et al. A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with clotrimazole troches for the prevention of fungal infections in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. NIAID AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:700-705.
58. Patton LL, Bonito AJ, Shugars DA. A systematic review of the effectiveness of antifungal drugs for the prevention and treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-positive patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001;92:170-179.
59. Havlir DV, Dube MP, McCutchan JA, et al. Prophylaxis with weekly versus daily fluconazole for fungal infections in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27:1369-1375.
60. MacPhail LA, Hilton JF, Dodd CL, et al. Prophylaxis with nystatin pastilles for HIV-associated oral candidiasis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1996;12:470-476.
61. Pienaar ED, Young T, Holmes H. Interventions for the prevention and management of oropharyngeal candidiasis associated with HIV infection in adults and children. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 2010;(11):CD003940.
62. Austin N, Cleminson J, Darlow BA, et al. Prophylactic oral/topical non-absorbed antifungal agents to prevent invasive fungal infection in very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(10):CD003478.
63. Epstein JB, Pearsall NN, Truelove EL. Quantitative relationships between Candida albicans in saliva and the clinical status of human subjects. J Clin Microbiol. 1980;12:475-476.
64. Rex JH, Walsh TJ, Sobel JD, et al. Practice guidelines for the treatment of candidiasis. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30:662-678.
65. Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62:e1-e50.
66. Lopez-Dupla M, Mora Sanz P, Pintado Garcia V, et al. Clinical, endoscopic, immunologic, and therapeutic aspects of oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients: a survey of 114 cases. Am J Gastroenterol. 1992;87:1771-1776.
67. Meiller TF, Kelley JI, Jabra-Rizk MA, et al. In vitro studies of the efficacy of antimicrobials against fungi. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001;91:663-670.
68. de Souza RF, de Freitas Oliveira Paranhos H, Lovato da Silva CH, et al. Interventions for cleaning dentures in adults. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD007395.
69. Felton D, Cooper L, Duqum I, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for the care and maintenance of complete dentures: a publication of the American College of Prosthodontists. J Am Dent Assoc. 2011;142(suppl 1):1-20.
70. Brondani, MA, Samim, F, Feng, H. A conventional microwave oven for denture cleaning: a critical review. Gerodontology. 2012;29:e6-e15.
71. Patton LL, Glick M, eds. Clinician's guide to treatment of HIV-infected patients, 3rd ed. Baltimore: American Academy of Oral Medicine; 2001:11-20.
72. Vazquez JP, Conway J. Randomized, comparative, double-blind, double-dummy, multicenter trial of miconazole buccal tablet and clotrimazole troches for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis: Study of miconazole lauriad efficacy and safety (SMiLES). HIV Clinical Trials. 2010;11:186-196.
73. Cartledge JD, Midgely J, Gazzard BG. Itraconazole solution: higher serum drug concentrations and better clinical response rates than the capsule formulation in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with candidosis. J Clin Pathol. 1997;50:477-480.
74. Pons V, Greenspan D, Debruin M. Therapy for oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-infected patients: a randomized, prospective multicenter study of oral fluconazole versus clotrimazole troches. The Multicenter Study Group. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1993;6:1317-1318.
75. Finlay PM, Richardson MD, Robertson AG. A comparative study of the efficacy of fluconazole and amphotericin B in the treatment of oropharyngeal candidosis in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck tumours. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1996;34:23-25.
76. Queiroz-Telles F, Silva N, Carvalho MM, et al. Evaluation of efficacy and safety of itraconazole oral solution for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in aids patients. Braz J Infect Dis. 2001;5:60-66.
77. Graybill JR, Vazquez J, Darouiche RO, et al. Randomized trial of itraconazole oral solution for oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV/AIDS patients. Am J Med. 1998;104:33-39.
78. Phillips P, De Beule K, Frechette G, et al. A double-blind comparison of itraconazole oral solution and fluconazole capsules for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;26:1368-1373.
79. De Wit S, Clumeck N. Fluconazole in the treatment of fungal infections associated with AIDS. Infection. 1989;17:121-123.
80. Phillips P, Zemcov J, Mahmood W, et al. Itraconazole cyclodextrin solution for fluconazole-refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis in AIDS: correlation of clinical response with in vitro susceptibility. AIDS. 1996;10:1369-1376.
81. Eichel M, Just-Nubling G, Helm EB, et al. Itraconazole suspension in the treatment of HIV-infected patients with fluconazole-resistant oropharyngeal candidiasis and esophagitis (German). Mycoses. 1996;39(suppl 1):102-106.
82. Schiller DS, Fung HB. Posaconazole: an extended-spectrum triazole antifungal agent. Clin Ther. 2007;29:1862-1886.
83. Saag MS, Fessel WJ, Kaufman CA, et al. Treatment of fluconazole-refractory oropharyngeal candidiasis with itraconazole oral solution in HIV-positive patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1999;15:1413-1417.
84. Rachwalski EJ, Wieczorkiewicz JT, Scheetz MH. Posaconazole: an oral triazole with an extended spectrum of activity. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 2008;42:1429-1438.
85. Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. Press release: Oral ketoconazole-containing medicines should no longer be used for fungal infections. July 2013. http://www.mhra.gov.uk/ (last accessed 26 March 2017).
86. European Medicines Agency. European Medicines Agency recommends suspension of marketing authorisations for oral ketoconazole. July 2013. http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/ (last accessed 26 March 2017).
87. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA warns that prescribing of Nizoral (ketoconazole) oral tablets for unapproved uses including skin and nail infections continues; linked to patient death. May 2016. http://www.fda.gov/ (last accessed 29 March 2017).
88. Sable CA, Nguyen BY, Chodakewitz JA, et al. Safety and tolerability of caspofungin acetate in the treatment of fungal infections. Transpl Infect Dis. 2002;4:25-30.
89. Arathoon EG, Gotuzzo E, Noriega LM, et al. Randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of caspofungin versus amphotericin B for treatment of oropharyngeal and esophageal candidiases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002;46:451-457.
90. Villanueva A, Arathoon EG, Gotuzzo E, et al. A randomized double-blind study of caspofungin versus amphotericin for the treatment of candidal esophagitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33:1529-1535.
91. Villanueva A, Gotuzzo E, Arathoon EG, et al. A randomized double-blind study of caspofungin versus fluconazole for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis. Am J Med. 2002;113:294-299.
92. Jokela JA, Kaur P. Caspofungin-resistant oral and esophageal candidiasis in a patient with AIDS. AIDS. 2007;21:118-119.
使用此内容应接受我们的免责声明。
BMJ临床实践的持续改进离不开您的帮助和反馈。如果您发现任何功能问题和内容错误,或您对BMJ临床实践有任何疑问或建议,请您扫描右侧二维码并根据页面指导填写您的反馈和联系信息*。一旦您的建议在我们核实后被采纳,您将会收到一份小礼品。
如果您有紧急问题需要我们帮助,请您联系我们。
邮箱:bmjchina.support@bmj.com
电话:+86 10 64100686-612
*您的联系信息仅会用于我们与您确认反馈信息和礼品事宜。
BMJ临床实践官方反馈平台