改善口腔卫生,特别是在义齿佩戴者,同时对唾液分泌减少或者患口干症的患者进行唾液腺重建,这些都是预防口腔念珠菌病的措施。[22]Ship JA, Vissink A, Challacombe SJ. Use of prophylactic antifungals in the immunocompromised host. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;103:S6.e1-e14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17379157?tool=bestpractice.com抗真菌药物常预防性应用于接受放疗或化疗的肿瘤患者,HIV感染的免疫低下患者,或骨髓、实体器官移植受者,以预防局部和全身性念珠菌感染。在癌症患者中预防性抗真菌治疗将使患者获益已获得公认,并有强有力的证据表明,从胃肠道吸收的药物在接受治疗的癌症患者中可预防口腔念珠菌病。[53]Meunier F, Paesmans M, Autier P. Value of antifungal prophylaxis with antifungal drugs against oropharyngeal candidiasis in cancer patients. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol. 1994;30B:196-199.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7920166?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Clarkson JE, Worthington HV, Eden OB. Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1):CD003807.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003807.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17253497?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Worthington HV, Clarkson JE, Khalid T, et al. Interventions for treating oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD001972.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001972.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17443513?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Lalla RV, Latortue MC, Hong CH, et al. A systematic review of oral fungal infections in patients receiving cancer therapy. Support Care Cancer. 2010;18:985-992.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2914797/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20449755?tool=bestpractice.com接受癌症治疗患者的预防性抗真菌治疗:高级别证据表明,对于接受癌症治疗的患者,接受胃肠道吸收或部分吸收抗真菌药物预防性治疗的患者与未接受者相比,发生口咽念珠菌病的可能更小。[53]Meunier F, Paesmans M, Autier P. Value of antifungal prophylaxis with antifungal drugs against oropharyngeal candidiasis in cancer patients. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol. 1994;30B:196-199.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7920166?tool=bestpractice.com[54]Clarkson JE, Worthington HV, Eden OB. Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1):CD003807.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003807.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17253497?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。对于正在接受癌症治疗的患者,其口腔念珠菌病的治疗或预防可选用经胃肠道充分吸收的药物(例如,氟康唑、伊曲康唑)。[54]Clarkson JE, Worthington HV, Eden OB. Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1):CD003807.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003807.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17253497?tool=bestpractice.com[56]Lalla RV, Latortue MC, Hong CH, et al. A systematic review of oral fungal infections in patients receiving cancer therapy. Support Care Cancer. 2010;18:985-992.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2914797/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20449755?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Worthington HV, Clarkson JE, Khalid T, et al. Interventions for treating oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD001972.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001972.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17443513?tool=bestpractice.com癌症患者口腔念珠菌感染的根除:低级别证据表明,从胃肠道吸收的抗真菌药物对于根除癌症患者口腔念珠菌病有效。[55]Worthington HV, Clarkson JE, Khalid T, et al. Interventions for treating oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD001972.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001972.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17443513?tool=bestpractice.com低质量的观察性(队列)研究或者受试者<200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。
在艾滋病患者,已有报道发现制霉菌素可延迟口腔念珠菌病的发病,而在预防口腔念珠菌病发展方面氟康唑被证明比克霉唑更有效。[57]Powderly WG, Finkelstein D, Feinberg J, et al. A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with clotrimazole troches for the prevention of fungal infections in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. NIAID AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:700-705.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199503163321102#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7854376?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Patton LL, Bonito AJ, Shugars DA. A systematic review of the effectiveness of antifungal drugs for the prevention and treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-positive patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001;92:170-179.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11505264?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Havlir DV, Dube MP, McCutchan JA, et al. Prophylaxis with weekly versus daily fluconazole for fungal infections in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27:1369-1375.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9868644?tool=bestpractice.com[60]MacPhail LA, Hilton JF, Dodd CL, et al. Prophylaxis with nystatin pastilles for HIV-associated oral candidiasis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1996;12:470-476.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8757423?tool=bestpractice.comHIV患者口腔念珠菌病的预防:高级别证据表明,HIV患者预防性应用氟康唑可有效防止口腔念珠菌病的发生。[57]Powderly WG, Finkelstein D, Feinberg J, et al. A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with clotrimazole troches for the prevention of fungal infections in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. NIAID AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:700-705.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199503163321102#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7854376?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Patton LL, Bonito AJ, Shugars DA. A systematic review of the effectiveness of antifungal drugs for the prevention and treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-positive patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001;92:170-179.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11505264?tool=bestpractice.com[59]Havlir DV, Dube MP, McCutchan JA, et al. Prophylaxis with weekly versus daily fluconazole for fungal infections in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27:1369-1375.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9868644?tool=bestpractice.com系统评价或者受试者>200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)。关于对免疫功能受损患者应采取连续性还是间歇性治疗,以及对糖尿病患者是否应使用预防性抗真菌药物,目前数据尚缺乏,无法给出推荐意见。[22]Ship JA, Vissink A, Challacombe SJ. Use of prophylactic antifungals in the immunocompromised host. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;103:S6.e1-e14.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17379157?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Pienaar ED, Young T, Holmes H. Interventions for the prevention and management of oropharyngeal candidiasis associated with HIV infection in adults and children. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 2010;(11):CD003940.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003940.pub3/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21069679?tool=bestpractice.com
一些证据表明,在极早期早产和极低出生体重儿,预防性口服/外用非吸收的抗真菌药物,可减少侵袭性真菌感染的风险。[62]Austin N, Cleminson J, Darlow BA, et al. Prophylactic oral/topical non-absorbed antifungal agents to prevent invasive fungal infection in very low birth weight infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(10):CD003478.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003478.pub5/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26497202?tool=bestpractice.com