卒中在英国是主要的健康问题,因卒中死亡者占英格兰和威尔士所有死亡人数的 11%。[8]National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Stroke and transient ischaemic attack in over 16s: diagnosis and initial management. March 2017. http://www.nice.org.uk/ (last accessed 30 August 2017).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg68 在英格兰每年有2000人首次发作TIA。 在英国,TIA 的年龄调整年发病率估计为 190 例/10 万人。[9]Gibbs RG, Newson R, Lawrenson R, et al. Diagnosis and initial management of stroke and transient ischemic attack across UK health regions from 1992 to 1996. Experience from primary care database. Stroke. 2001;32:1085-1090.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11340214?tool=bestpractice.com 这略高于西班牙(35-60 例/10 万人)和比利时(68-102 例/10 万人)报告的年发病率。[10]Perez-Sempere A. Cerebrovascular morbidity in Spain: incidence and prevalence. Rev Neurol. 1999;29:879-881.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10696667?tool=bestpractice.com[11]Buntinx F, Devroey D, Van Casteren VV. The incidence of stroke and transient ischaemic attacks is falling: a report from the Belgian sentinel stations. Br J Gen Pract. 2002;52:813-817.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12392121?tool=bestpractice.com
在美国,成人全人群 TIA 患病率大约为 2.3%。[12]Johnston SC, Fayad PB, Gorelick PB, et al. Prevalence and knowledge of transient ischemic attack among US adults. Neurology. 2003;60:1429-1434.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12743226?tool=bestpractice.com[13]Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014;129:e28-e292.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/129/3/e28.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24352519?tool=bestpractice.com 患病率随着年龄变化而变化,55~65岁病人患病率为2%,85岁以上病人患病率会升至5%。[14]Bots ML, Van der Wilk EC, Koudstaal PJ, et al. Transient neurological attacks in the general population: prevalence, risk factors, and clinical relevance. Stroke. 1997 Apr;28(4):768-73.http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/28/4/768.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9099194?tool=bestpractice.com TIA在美国男性和非西班牙裔黑色人种中更普遍。[13]Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014;129:e28-e292.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/129/3/e28.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24352519?tool=bestpractice.com 估计在美国每年患TIA的人数大约为200000~500000。[1]Easton JD, Saver JL, Albers GW, et al. Definition and evaluation of transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2009;40:2276-2293.http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/40/6/2276.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19423857?tool=bestpractice.com 然而,使用基于组织的现代定义,估计每年大约有120000例真正的TIA患者。[15]Ovbiagele B, Kidwell CS, Saver JL. Epidemiological impact in the United States of a tissue-based definition of transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2003;34:919-924.http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/34/4/919.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637701?tool=bestpractice.com 因为短暂性神经功能缺失可能由许多类似真正脑缺血的疾病导致,并且很多TIA患者未被发现,所以TIA患者的确切人数很难确定。 大约半数从未接受诊治。[13]Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014;129:e28-e292.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/129/3/e28.fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24352519?tool=bestpractice.com