吸烟是导致PI*ZZ表型的患者发生肺气肿最大的风险因素。 肺功能和生存都将受到影响。[21]Larsson C. Natural history and life expectancy in severe alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, Pi Z. Acta Med Scand. 1978;204:345-351.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/309708?tool=bestpractice.com[35]Janus ED, Phillips NT, Carrell RW. Smoking, lung function, and alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Lancet. 1985;1:152-154.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2857224?tool=bestpractice.com[36]Wu MC, Eriksson S. Lung function, smoking and survival in severe alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, PiZZ. J Clin Epidemiol. 1988;41:1157-1165.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3264848?tool=bestpractice.com 一些证据表明既往吸烟者和从不吸烟者的肺功能随时间推移出现类似下降。[37]Piitulainen E, Eriksson S. Decline in FEV1 related to smoking status in individuals with severe alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (PiZZ). Eur Respir J. 1999;13:247-251.http://erj.ersjournals.com/cgi/reprint/13/2/247http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10065663?tool=bestpractice.com 一些吸烟者可能永远不会出现肺部症状。[29]Stoller JK, Smith P, Yang P, et al. Physical and social impact of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: results of a survey. Cleve Clin J Med. 1994;61:461-467.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7828337?tool=bestpractice.com