肺部表现
AAT 缺乏症肺病的治疗应当沿用其他病因所引起的COPD的治疗方案。[3]American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Statement. Standards for the diagnosis and management of individuals with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003 Oct 1;168(7):818-900.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14522813?tool=bestpractice.com[49]American Thoracic Society. Standards for the diagnosis and care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 1995;152(suppl):S77-S121.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7582322?tool=bestpractice.com 尽管具体的治疗方案因人而异并且取决于疾病的严重程度,但治疗方法主要包括短效或者长效的支气管扩张剂、吸入型皮质类固醇、抗生素、肺康复治疗、疫苗接种、戒烟、避免接触污染物、吸氧、以及口服皮质类固醇药物等。
血浆AAT水平低于11 µmol/L的患者将不能有效防止炎性肺病的发生。[4]Turino GM, Barker AF, Brantly ML, et al. Clinical features of individuals with PI*SZ phenotype of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency registry study group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;154:1718-1725.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8970361?tool=bestpractice.com 对伴发有气流阻塞的患者可以使用静脉内AAT增强治疗进行缓解,死亡率:有中等质量的证据表明,经过3.5至7年的跟踪随访后,在超过18岁且血清AAT水平低于11 µmol/L的患者中,接受AAT强化治疗可以显著的降低死亡率(RR = 0.64, 95% CI 0.43-0.94, P = 0.02)。[50]Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Registry Study Group. Survival and FEV1 decline in individuals with severe deficiency of alpha 1-antitrypsin. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:49-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9655706?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 但关于其疗效的证据有限。[51]Dirksen A, Dijkman JH, Madsen F, et al. A randomized clinical trial of alpha 1-antitrypsin augmentation therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160:1468-1472.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10556107?tool=bestpractice.com[50]Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Registry Study Group. Survival and FEV1 decline in individuals with severe deficiency of alpha 1-antitrypsin. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:49-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9655706?tool=bestpractice.com对肺功能的影响:有中等质量的证据表明,AAT强化治疗后FEV1没有显著的变化。 然而,CT检查却提示AAT强化治疗可以减少肺组织的损失。[51]Dirksen A, Dijkman JH, Madsen F, et al. A randomized clinical trial of alpha 1-antitrypsin augmentation therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160:1468-1472.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10556107?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 对那些中度阻塞性疾病患者(FEV1 为预测值的 31%-65%)的治疗数据来源于两项针对 18 周岁以上患者所进行的大型观察性研究。[50]Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Registry Study Group. Survival and FEV1 decline in individuals with severe deficiency of alpha 1-antitrypsin. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:49-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9655706?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Wencker M, Banik N, Buhl R, et al. Long-term treatment of alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency-related pulmonary emphysema with human alpha 1-antitrypsin. Eur Respir J. 1998;11:428-433.http://erj.ersjournals.com/cgi/reprint/11/2/428http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9551749?tool=bestpractice.com[53]Seersholm N, Wencker M, Banik N, et al; Wissenschaftliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft zur Therapie von Lungenerkrankungen (WATL) alpha 1-AT study group. Does alpha 1-antitrypsin augmentation therapy slow the annual decline in FEV1 in patients with severe hereditary alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency? Eur Respir J. 1997;10:2260-2263.http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/10/10/2260.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9387950?tool=bestpractice.com 这些研究显示 AAT 强化治疗可降低死亡率死亡率:有中等质量的证据表明,经过3.5至7年的跟踪随访后,在超过18岁且血清AAT水平低于11 µmol/L的患者中,接受AAT强化治疗可以显著的降低死亡率(RR = 0.64, 95% CI 0.43-0.94, P = 0.02)。[50]Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Registry Study Group. Survival and FEV1 decline in individuals with severe deficiency of alpha 1-antitrypsin. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:49-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9655706?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。 以及 FEV 下降的速度。FEV1的下降速度:有中等质量的统计证据表明,在中度阻塞性疾病患者中,AAT强化治疗可以减慢FEV1下降的速度。 一项对于年龄超过18岁、血清AAT水平低于11 µmol/L,且初始FEV1值为预测值35%-49%的患者的3.5至7年的随访发现,接受强化治疗的患者的FEV1下降速度较未接受治疗的患者(FEV1值为预测值31%-49%)明显减慢(平均差别 27毫升每年,95% CI 3 至 51毫升每年; P = 0.03)。[50]Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Registry Study Group. Survival and FEV1 decline in individuals with severe deficiency of alpha 1-antitrypsin. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:49-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9655706?tool=bestpractice.com 另一项以年龄超过25岁的前吸烟者为对象的研究则发现接受AAT强化治疗的患者FEV1的衰减速度更慢(48 mL/年 vs 75 mL/年; 95% CI 63-87 mL/年; P = 0.02);当按照初始FEV1(<30% 预测值,30%-65% 预测值,>65% 预测值)进行分层分析时,发现仅30%-65%患者组存在显著差异。[53]Seersholm N, Wencker M, Banik N, et al; Wissenschaftliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft zur Therapie von Lungenerkrankungen (WATL) alpha 1-AT study group. Does alpha 1-antitrypsin augmentation therapy slow the annual decline in FEV1 in patients with severe hereditary alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency? Eur Respir J. 1997;10:2260-2263.http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/10/10/2260.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9387950?tool=bestpractice.com受试者<200名的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、受试者>200名且方法学存在缺陷的随机对照临床试验(RCT)、方法学存在缺陷的系统评价或者高质量的观察性(队列)研究。
而三项针对强化治疗的Meta-分析却得出了不同的结论。 其中两项回顾分析发现,经AAT治疗的患者与其他患者CT 扫描所显示的肺密度存在显著差异,但FEV1的下降却没有显著的差异。[54]Gøtzsche PC, Johansen HK. Intravenous alpha-1 antitrypsin augmentation therapy for treating patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and lung disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD007851.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007851.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20614465?tool=bestpractice.com[55]Stockley RA, Parr DG, Piitulainen E, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of alpha-1 antitrypsin augmentation therapy on the loss of lung tissue: an integrated analysis of 2 randomised clinical trials using computed tomography densitometry. Respir Res. 2010;11:136-143.http://respiratory-research.com/content/11/1/136http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20920370?tool=bestpractice.com 这两项回顾分析并未将上述的两项大型观察性研究纳入统计。另一项纳入了上述观察性研究的Meta分析则显示,所有患者的FEV1下降比预期更慢,但在FEV1<31%或>65%的患者中最为显著。[56]Chapman KR, Stockley RA, Dawkins C, et al. Augmentation therapy for alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency: a meta-analysis. COPD. 2009;6:177-184.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19811373?tool=bestpractice.com 鉴于AAT 缺乏症的低发生率,有必要认真考虑观察性研究,而这些研究已被用于修正当前的治疗指南。
假如患者血浆AAT水平偏低但肺功能正常,则无需接受AAT强化治疗,因为他们并没有该病的临床表现。 若患者血浆AAT水平偏低同时有轻度的气流阻塞(FEV1 > 85%),则建议他们接种肝炎疫苗并改变生活方式(戒烟,避免接触污染)、并对其肺功能进行监测。 如果他们的肺功能加速下降(FEV1变化大于120 mL每年),亦或FEV1 小于65%或大于31%,则可以开始AAT强化治疗。[3]American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Statement. Standards for the diagnosis and management of individuals with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003 Oct 1;168(7):818-900.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14522813?tool=bestpractice.com
我们最好的证据提示,对于18岁以上具有中度肺气肿(FEV1<65%预测值)的患者,应开始针对AAT 缺乏症的增强治疗,并应当持续终生。 一些人认为即便有轻度的气流阻塞的患者也应接受强化治疗,理由是对照组患者更缓慢的下降,因此在这一队列中难以检测出统计学上的显著性。[57]Mohanka M, Khemasuwan D, Stoller JK. A review of augmentation therapy for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12:685-700.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22500781?tool=bestpractice.com 值得注意的是,加拿大胸科协会指南提出了一个相对缓和的建议,认为可以考虑给予FEV1介于25%至80%之间的非吸烟或前吸烟患者增强治疗,而不是优化的药物和肺康复治疗。[34]Marciniuk DD, Hernandez P, Balter M, et al. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency targeted testing and augmentation therapy: a Canadian Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline. Can Respir J. 2012;19:109-116.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22536580?tool=bestpractice.com 英国指南则不推荐对AAT 缺乏症患者进行AAT的替代治疗。[58]National Institute of Health and Care Excellence. Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults in primary and secondary care (partial update). June 2010. http://www.nice.org.uk (last accessed 26 September 2017).https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg101 引用在一项观察性研究中经验证的队列偏倚。[50]Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Registry Study Group. Survival and FEV1 decline in individuals with severe deficiency of alpha 1-antitrypsin. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:49-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9655706?tool=bestpractice.com 这项研究的观察性质的确会降低证据的份量;但是,AAT强化治疗对于那些具有中度阻塞性疾病的患者似乎是有益的。 RAPID 试验是一项大型随机安慰剂对照研究,着眼于由 CT 密度测定测出的肺气肿进展。[59]Chapman KR, Burdon JG, Piitulainen E, et al; RAPID Trial Study Group. Intravenous augmentation treatment and lung density in severe α1 antitrypsin deficiency (RAPID): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;386:360-368.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26026936?tool=bestpractice.com 此研究表明,通过测量总肺活量可以看出,强化治疗随着时间的推移减少了肺实质损失。
在正常个体中,生理水平的AAT在肝脏中产生,之后通过血液循环进入肺中。 静脉内AAT替代治疗将采用相同的传送模式,其目的是为肺脏提供充足的AAT以平衡肺内生理性和病理性蛋白酶的反应过程。 研究显示每周输注来自于人血浆库的纯化AAT制剂足以提高肺液内的AAT含量至保护水平。[60]Gadek JE, Klein HG, Holland PV, et al. Replacement therapy of alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency: reversal of protease-antiprotease imbalance within the alveolar structures of PiZ subjects. J Clin Invest. 1981;68:1158-1165.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC370909/pdf/jcinvest00475-0040.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7028785?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Wewers MD, Casolaro MA, Sellers SE, et al. Replacement therapy for alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency associated with emphysema. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:1055-1062.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3494198?tool=bestpractice.com 替代剂量或者给药间隔已被证明无效。[51]Dirksen A, Dijkman JH, Madsen F, et al. A randomized clinical trial of alpha 1-antitrypsin augmentation therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160:1468-1472.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10556107?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Barker AF, Iwata-Morgan I, Oveson L, et al. Pharmacokinetic study of alpha 1-antitrypsin infusion in alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. Chest. 1997;112:607-613.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9315791?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Hubbard RC, Sellers S, Czerski D, et al. Biochemical efficacy and safety of monthly augmentation therapy for alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. JAMA. 1988;260:1259-1264.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3261353?tool=bestpractice.com AAT 强化输注最常见的反应是发热、寒颤、呼吸困难、头晕以及昏厥。[50]Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Registry Study Group. Survival and FEV1 decline in individuals with severe deficiency of alpha 1-antitrypsin. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;158:49-59.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9655706?tool=bestpractice.com[52]Wencker M, Banik N, Buhl R, et al. Long-term treatment of alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency-related pulmonary emphysema with human alpha 1-antitrypsin. Eur Respir J. 1998;11:428-433.http://erj.ersjournals.com/cgi/reprint/11/2/428http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9551749?tool=bestpractice.com 尚无因输注引起死亡的报道,也没有传染人类免疫缺陷病毒、朊蛋白病或肝炎的案例。[52]Wencker M, Banik N, Buhl R, et al. Long-term treatment of alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency-related pulmonary emphysema with human alpha 1-antitrypsin. Eur Respir J. 1998;11:428-433.http://erj.ersjournals.com/cgi/reprint/11/2/428http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9551749?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Stoller JK, Fallat R, Schluchter MD, et al. Augmentation therapy with alpha-1 antitrypsin: patterns of use and adverse events. Chest. 2003;123:1425-1434.http://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(15)33672-2/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12740257?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Stoller JK, Rouhani F, Brantly M, et al. Biochemical efficacy and safety of a new pooled human plasma alpha 1-antitrypsin, Respitin. Chest. 2002;122:66-74.http://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(16)46281-1/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12114340?tool=bestpractice.com 假如患者的IgA水平接近于零,强化治疗则存在发生严重过敏反应的风险,因此推荐在考虑治疗前检测患者的血清IgA水平。[57]Mohanka M, Khemasuwan D, Stoller JK. A review of augmentation therapy for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12:685-700.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22500781?tool=bestpractice.com
尽管AAT强化治疗很昂贵,[54]Gøtzsche PC, Johansen HK. Intravenous alpha-1 antitrypsin augmentation therapy for treating patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and lung disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(7):CD007851.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007851.pub2/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20614465?tool=bestpractice.com 但它是当前唯一可用的治疗方法,因此直到发现新的、更具成本效益的治疗方法之前,它的使用都是必要的。[66]Gildea TR, Shermock KM, Singer ME, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of augmentation therapy for severe alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167:1387-1392.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12574076?tool=bestpractice.com 最近的证据显示强化治疗可以减少病情恶化的发生率,同时减少每名AAT 缺乏症患者的住院花费;但是,考虑到AAT浓缩液的高价,这项治疗总体的性价比尚不清楚。[67]Barros-Tizon JC, Torres ML, Blanco I, et al; Investigators of the rEXA Study Group. Reduction of severe exacerbations and hospitalization-derived costs in alpha-1-antitrypsin-deficient patients treated with alpha-1-antitrypsin augmentation therapy. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2012;6:67-78.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22354900?tool=bestpractice.com 在更好的治疗出现以前,强化治疗将是标准的疗法。
肺移植适用于终末期肺病患者。[3]American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Statement. Standards for the diagnosis and management of individuals with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003 Oct 1;168(7):818-900.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14522813?tool=bestpractice.com 由于每个中心都有自己的标准,末期肺病很难被定义,但通常在FEV1<25%或有慢性CO2储留征象时将考虑诊断。 大约6%的肺移植对象为继发于AAT 缺乏症的肺气肿患者,而移植后的五年生存率接近于50%。[68]Hosenpud JD, Novick RJ, Breen TJ, et al. The registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplanation: twelfth official report. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1995;14:805-815.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8800714?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Levine SM, Anzueto A, Peters JI, et al. Medium term functional results of single-lung transplantation for end stage obstructive lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;150:398-402.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8049821?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Christie JD, Edwards LB, Kucheryavaya AY, et al. The registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: twenty-eighth adult lung and heart-lung transplant report - 2011. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2011;30:1104-1122.http://www.jhltonline.org/article/S1053-2498%2811%2901089-8/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21962018?tool=bestpractice.com 中位生存期为 6.3 年。[70]Christie JD, Edwards LB, Kucheryavaya AY, et al. The registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: twenty-eighth adult lung and heart-lung transplant report - 2011. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2011;30:1104-1122.http://www.jhltonline.org/article/S1053-2498%2811%2901089-8/fulltexthttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21962018?tool=bestpractice.com 移植后的强化治疗可在研究或数据收集机构进行。