HIV 可以通过血液和其他各种体液传播。某些类型的 HIV 暴露更危险,在这些危险的事件发生后,应当考虑暴露后预防 (PEP)。
根据 HIV 传播给 HIV 阴性个体的风险决定是否采取 PEP。
在暴露于已知 HIV 阳性的个体后,发生 HIV 传播的风险估计值如下,按风险从高至低排序:[18]Donegan E, Stuart M, Niland JC, et al. Infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) among recipients of antibody-positive blood donations. Ann Intern Med. 1990;113:733-739.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2240875?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Mastro TD, de Vincenzi I. Probabilities of sexual HIV-1 transmission. AIDS. 1996;10(Suppl A):S75-S82.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8883613?tool=bestpractice.com[20]Royce RA, Sena A, Cates W Jr., et al. Sexual transmission of HIV. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1072-1078. [erratum in: N Engl J Med. 1997;337:799]http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9091805?tool=bestpractice.com[21]de Vincenzi I. A longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus transmission by heterosexual partners. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:341-346.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199408113310601#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8028613?tool=bestpractice.com[22]Anderson RM, May RM. Epidemiological parameters of HIV transmission. Nature. 1988;333:514-519.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3374601?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Gray R, Wawer MJ, Brookmeyer R, et al. Probability of HIV-1 transmission per coital act in monogamous, heterosexual, HIV-1-discordant couples in Rakai, Uganda. Lancet. 2001;357:1149-1153.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11323041?tool=bestpractice.com[24]Leynaert B, Downs AM, de Vincenzi I; European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV. Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: variability of infectivity throughout the course of infection. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;148:88-96.http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/148/1/88.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9663408?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Overbaugh J, Sagar M, Benki S, et al. Viral and host factors in HIV-1 transmission and pathogenesis. Program and abstracts of the 9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, February 24-28, 2002. Seattle, Washington, DC (abstr. S23).[26]Vittinghoff E, Douglas J, Judson F, et al. Per-contact risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission between male sexual partners. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150:306-311.http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/150/3/306.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10430236?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Kaplan EH, Heimer R. A model-based estimate of HIV infectivity via needle sharing. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1992;5:1116-1118.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1403641?tool=bestpractice.com[28]Ippolito G, Puro V, De Carli G, et al. The risk of occupational human immunodeficiency virus infection in health care workers. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:1451-1458.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8512436?tool=bestpractice.com
90%~100%:输血(1 个单位)
0.67%:共用注射器具
0.3%:针头刺伤
0.1%~3.0%:肛交的被动方
0.1%~0.2%:阴道性交的被动方
0.09%:黏膜暴露
0.06%:肛交的主动方
0.03%~0.09%:阴道性交的主动方
0%~0.04%:口交的被动方(吮吸阴茎)。
HIV 传播风险取决于多个因素,包括源患者的 HIV 状态(或如果源患者 HIV 状态未知,依据源人群的 HIV 患病率)、源患者的特征(例如 HIV 病毒载量),如果是性交暴露,是否同时感染其他性传播疾病 (STI),尤其是生殖器溃疡疾病。[29]Fleming DT, Wasserheit JN. From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection. Sex Transm Infect. 1999;75:3-17.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1758168/pdf/v075p00003.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10448335?tool=bestpractice.com 如果暴露接受方有活动性生殖器溃疡疾病,也可增加性交暴露后发生 HIV 传播的可能性。增加 HIV 传播风险的其他因素包括月经或其他出血、有射精和未做包皮环切术。[3]Fisher M, Briggs E, Cresswell F, et al. UK guideline for the use of post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV following sexual exposure (PEPSE). 2015. http://www.bashh.org/ (last accessed 25 May 2017).http://www.bashh.org/documents/PEPSE%202015%20guideline%20final_NICE.pdf 职业获得性 HIV 感染的风险增加因素包括深部伤害、器械上可见血液、接触用于源患者动脉或静脉的器械以及源患者的病毒载量高。[4]New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute. PEP for occupational exposure to HIV guideline. May 2018 [internet publication].http://www.hivguidelines.org/pep-for-hiv-prevention/occupational/#