在暴露后 72 小时内采取暴露后预防 (PEP),并且按照处方完成完整的 28 天疗程,可将发生 HIV 传播的概率降低 80%。[33]Cardo DM, Culver DH, Ciesielski CA, et al. A case-control study of HIV seroconversion in health care workers after percutaneous exposure. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1485-1490.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199711203372101#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9366579?tool=bestpractice.com[30]Otten RA, Smith DK, Adams DR, et al. Efficacy of postexposure prophylaxis after intravaginal exposure of pig-tailed macaques to a human-derived retrovirus (human immunodeficiency virus type 2). J Virol. 2000;74:9771-9775.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC112413/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11000253?tool=bestpractice.com[31]Tsai CC, Emau P, Follis KE, et al. Effectiveness of postinoculation (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl) adenine treatment for prevention of persistent simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmne infection depends critically on timing of initiation and duration of treatment. J Virol. 1998;72:4265-4273.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC109656/?tool=pubmedhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9557716?tool=bestpractice.com 在对 100 例患者开展的一项 PEP 研究中,超过 90% 为男男性接触者 (MSM),大多数暴露于无保护肛交,在研究期间没有发生 HIV 感染。[61]Mayer KH, Mimiaga MJ, Gelman M, et al. Raltegravir, tenofovir DF, and emtricitabine for postexposure prophylaxis to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV: safety, tolerability, and adherence. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;59:354-359.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22267017?tool=bestpractice.com 如果 PEP 不成功,应当将患者转诊到当地 HIV 门诊,针对 HIV 进行进一步检查和治疗。