关于职业环境和非职业环境中暴露后预防 (PEP) 的处方频率,全球数据很少。美国疾病预防控制中心 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC) 建立了一个全国性非职业 HIV PEP 监测登记库,但临床报告率较低。[6]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; US Department of Health and Human Services. Updated guidelines for antiretroviral postexposure prophylaxis after sexual, injection drug use, or other nonoccupational exposure to HIV. May 2018 [internet publication].https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/38856[9]Greenwald JL, Burstein GR, Pincus J, et al. A rapid review of rapid HIV antibody tests. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2006,8:125-131.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16524549?tool=bestpractice.com 在旧金山的一项研究中,在最初启动非职业 PEP 后 2.5 年内大约有 400 人寻求 PEP。[10]Schechter M, do Lago RF, Mendelsohn AB, et al. Behavioral impact, acceptability, and HIV incidence among homosexual men with access to postexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;35:519-525.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15021317?tool=bestpractice.com 不幸的是,即使在发达国家,仍有很多人不知道可以获得 HIV 非职业 PEP;在西班牙,对接受 HIV 快速检测的非医疗专业人士开展了一项研究,只有 22% 的参与者知道可以获得非职业 PEP。 [11]Fernández-Balbuena S, Belza M, Castilla J, et al. Awareness and use of nonoccupational HIV post-exposure prophylaxis among people receiving rapid HIV testing in Spain. HIV Med. 2013;14:252-257.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23088284?tool=bestpractice.com 使用多渠道交流提供非职业 PEP 信息,包括向医疗专业人员发放宣传册和设立非职业 PEP 电话热线,可能增加对非职业 PEP 的知晓与利用。[12]Minas B, Laing S, Jordan H, et al. Improved awareness and appropriate use of non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis (nPEP) for HIV prevention following a multi-modal communication strategy. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:906.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3503851/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23095456?tool=bestpractice.com 在英国,对 2003 至 2009 年期间在性交暴露后就诊寻求非职业暴露后预防治疗的患者进行回顾综述,发现有 38% 是在与已知 HIV 阳性伴侣发生无保护性交后就诊,28% 是在与 HIV 状态未知的男性伴侣发生无保护肛交(被动方)后就诊,24% 在被性侵犯后就诊。这项研究发现,92% 的患者在推荐的 72 小时内启动 PEP,但仅有 35% 的患者在 3 个月时通过血清学复查继续接受随访。所有接受随访的患者仍然为 HIV 阴性。[13]McCarty EJ, Quah S, Maw R, et al. Post-exposure prophylaxis following sexual exposure to HIV: a seven-year retrospective analysis in a regional centre. Int J STD AIDS. 2011;22:407-408.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21729962?tool=bestpractice.com
尽管过去来自发展中国家的 PEP/非职业 PEP 数据有限,但有越来越多的文献报道,在资源有限的情况下,对 PEP 的知晓与利用有增加,尤其是在将其作为结构化项目的一部分,有受过培训的医疗服务提供者(例如护士)参与时最有效。[14]Draughon JE, Sheridan DJ. Nonoccupational postexposure prophylaxis for human immunodeficiency virus in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. J Forensic Nurs. 2011;7:89-96.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21635680?tool=bestpractice.com[15]Arend E, Maw A, de Swardt C, et al. South African sexual assault survivors' experiences of post-exposure prophylaxis and individualized nursing care: a qualitative study. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2013;24:154-165.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22835505?tool=bestpractice.com
英国健康保护署 (Health Protection Agency) 2004 至 2013 年的数据显示,在 HIV 职业暴露后 72 小时内,有 97% (580/598) 的暴露者开始接受了 HIV PEP。随访期间,没有新的 HIV 感染病例。[16]Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, National Public Health Service for Wales, CDSC Northern Ireland. Eye of the needle: surveillance of significant occupational exposure to bloodborne viruses in healthcare workers. December 2014. https://www.gov.uk (last accessed 25 May 2017).https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/385300/EoN_2014_-_FINAL_CT_3_sig_occ.pdf
世界卫生组织建议 (World Health Organization, WHO) 成立地方性或全国性登记库,记录 PEP 的使用和结果。[17]World Health Organization. Guidelines on post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV and the use of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis for HIV-related infections among adults, adolescents and children: recommendations for a public health approach. December 2014. http://www.who.int (last accessed 25 May 2017).http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/arv2013/december2014supplementARV.pdf