血小板因子4(PF4)分子在血小板表面与肝素结合,从而形成一个新的抗原,被HIT(IgG)抗体所识别。[18]Greinacher A, Alban S, Omer-Adam MA, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a stoichiometry-based model to explain the differing immunogenicities of unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, and fondaparinux in different clinical settings. Thromb Res. 2008;122:211-220.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18262226?tool=bestpractice.com[19]Amiral J, Bridey F, Dreyfus M, et al. Platelet factor 4 complexed to heparin is the target for antibodies generated in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Thromb Haemost. 1992;68:95-96.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1514184?tool=bestpractice.com抗肝素/ PF4抗体结合到大肝素/PF4复合物,并通过其Fc受体激活了相同的或相邻的血小板。[20]Kelton JG, Smith JW, Warkentin TE, et al. Immunoglobulin G from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia binds to a complex of heparin and platelet factor 4. Blood. 1994;83:3232-3239.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/bloodjournal/83/11/3232.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8193358?tool=bestpractice.com[21]Chong BH, Fawaz I, Chesterman CN, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: mechanism of interaction of the heparin-dependent antibody with platelets. Br J Haematol. 1989;73:235-240.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2818941?tool=bestpractice.com血小板的激活产生了促凝血的血小板衍生微粒和凝血酶生成,从而导致HIT特有的临床表现(例如血小板减少和静脉和/或动脉血栓形成)。[22]Warkentin TE, Sheppard JI. Generation of platelet-derived microparticles and procoagulant activity by heparin-induced thrombocytopenia IgG/serum and other IgG platelet agonists: a comparison with standard platelet agonists. Platelets. 1999;10:319-326.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16801109?tool=bestpractice.com[23]Warkentin TE, Hayward CP, Boshkov LK, et al. Sera from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia generate platelet-derived microparticles with procoagulant activity: an explanation for the thrombotic complications of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood. 1994;84:3691-3699.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/bloodjournal/84/11/3691.full.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7949124?tool=bestpractice.com单核细胞和内皮细胞的激活也参与了肝素诱导性血小板减少症的发病机制。[24]Visentin GP, Ford SE, Scott JP, et al. Antibodies from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis are specific for platelet factor 4 complexed with heparin or bound to endothelial cells. J Clin Invest. 1994;93:81-88.http://www.jci.org/articles/view/116987http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8282825?tool=bestpractice.com[25]Rauova L, Hirsch JD, Greene TK, et al. Monocyte-bound PF4 in the pathogenesis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2010;116:5021-5031.http://www.bloodjournal.org/content/116/23/5021.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20724543?tool=bestpractice.com[26]Cines DB, Tomaski A, Tannenbaum S. Immune endothelial-cell injury in heparin-associated thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:581-589.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3807952?tool=bestpractice.com通常情况下,肝素诱导性血小板减少症抗体是短暂的,100天内就会检测不到(取决于所实施的化验)。[4]Warkentin T, Kelton J. Temporal aspects of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1286-1292.http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200104263441704#t=articlehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11320387?tool=bestpractice.com[27]Warkentin T. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: pathogenesis and management. Br J Haematol. 2003;121:535-555.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12752095?tool=bestpractice.com