肝素诱导性血小板减少症

Warkentin T, Kelton J. Temporal aspects of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1286-1292.

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1.  Warkentin T, Chong B, Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: towards consensus. Thromb Haemost. 1998;79:1-7.

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2.  Warkentin TE. Fondaparinux: does it cause HIT? Can it treat HIT? Expert Rev Hematol. 2010;3:567-581.

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3.  Warkentin TE, Kelton JG. A 14-year study of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Med. 1996;101:502-507.

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4.  Warkentin T, Kelton J. Temporal aspects of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1286-1292.

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5.  Linkins LA, Warkentin T. The approach to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;29:66-74.

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6.  Warkentin T, Elavathil L, Hayward C, et al. The pathogenesis of venous limb gangrene associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Ann Intern Med. 1997;127:804-812.

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7.  Warkentin TE, Sheppard JA, Moore JC, et al. Laboratory testing for the antibodies that cause heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: how much class do we need? J Lab Clin Med. 2005;146:341-346.

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8.  Warkentin T, Sheppard J, Horsewood P, et al. Impact of the patient population on the risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2000;96:1703-1708.

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9.  Prandoni P, Siragusa S, Girolami B, et al. The incidence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in medical patients treated with low-molecular-weight heparin: a prospective cohort study. Blood. 2005;106:3049-3054.

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10.  Lubenow N, Hinz P, Thomaschewski S, et al. The severity of trauma determines the immune response to PF4/heparin and the frequency of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2010;115:1797-1803.

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11.  Lindhoff-Last E, Nakov R, Misselwitz F, et al. Incidence and clinical relevance of heparin-induced antibodies in patients with deep vein thrombosis treated with unfractionated heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin. Br J Haematol. 2002;118:1137-1142.

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12.  Martel N, Lee J, Wells PS. Risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin thromboprophylaxis: a meta-analysis. Blood. 2005;106:2710-2715.

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13.  Warkentin TE, Sheppard JA, Sigouin CS, et al. Gender imbalance and risk factor interactions in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2006;108:2937-2941.

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14.  Warkentin TE, Sheppard JA, Moore JC, et al. Studies of the immune response in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2009;113:4963-4969.

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15.  Greinacher A, Kohlmann T, Strobel U, et al. The temporal profile of the anti-PF4/heparin immune response. Blood. 2009;113:4970-4976.

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16.  Krauel K, Potschke C, Weber C, et al. Platelet factor 4 binds to bacteria, inducing antibodies cross-reacting with the major antigen in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2011;117:1370-1378.

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17.  Greinacher A, Holtfreter B, Krauel K, et al. Association of natural anti-platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies with periodontal disease. Blood. 2011;118:1395-1401.

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18.  Greinacher A, Alban S, Omer-Adam MA, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a stoichiometry-based model to explain the differing immunogenicities of unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, and fondaparinux in different clinical settings. Thromb Res. 2008;122:211-220.

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19.  Amiral J, Bridey F, Dreyfus M, et al. Platelet factor 4 complexed to heparin is the target for antibodies generated in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Thromb Haemost. 1992;68:95-96.

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20.  Kelton JG, Smith JW, Warkentin TE, et al. Immunoglobulin G from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia binds to a complex of heparin and platelet factor 4. Blood. 1994;83:3232-3239.

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21.  Chong BH, Fawaz I, Chesterman CN, et al. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: mechanism of interaction of the heparin-dependent antibody with platelets. Br J Haematol. 1989;73:235-240.

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22.  Warkentin TE, Sheppard JI. Generation of platelet-derived microparticles and procoagulant activity by heparin-induced thrombocytopenia IgG/serum and other IgG platelet agonists: a comparison with standard platelet agonists. Platelets. 1999;10:319-326.

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23.  Warkentin TE, Hayward CP, Boshkov LK, et al. Sera from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia generate platelet-derived microparticles with procoagulant activity: an explanation for the thrombotic complications of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood. 1994;84:3691-3699.

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24.  Visentin GP, Ford SE, Scott JP, et al. Antibodies from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis are specific for platelet factor 4 complexed with heparin or bound to endothelial cells. J Clin Invest. 1994;93:81-88.

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25.  Rauova L, Hirsch JD, Greene TK, et al. Monocyte-bound PF4 in the pathogenesis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2010;116:5021-5031.

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26.  Cines DB, Tomaski A, Tannenbaum S. Immune endothelial-cell injury in heparin-associated thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:581-589.

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27.  Warkentin T. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: pathogenesis and management. Br J Haematol. 2003;121:535-555.

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28.  Rauova L, Poncz M, McKenzie SE, et al. Ultralarge complexes of PF4 and heparin are central to the pathogenesis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2005;105:131-138.

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29.  Greinacher A, Alban S, Dummel V, et al. Characterization of the structural requirements for a carbohydrate based anticoagulant with a reduced risk of inducing the immunological type of heparin-associated thrombocytopenia. Thromb Haemost. 1995;74:886-892.

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30.  Lo G, Juhl D, Warkentin T, et al. Evaluation of pretest clinical score (4 T’s) for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in two clinical settings. J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4:759-765.

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31.  Warkentin TE, Heddle NM. Laboratory diagnosis of immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Curr Hematol Rep. 2003;2:148-157.

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32.  Cuker A, Gimotty PA, Crowther MA, et al. Predictive value of the 4Ts scoring system for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood. 2012;120:4160-4167.

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33.  Cuker A, Arepally G, Crowther MA, et al. The HIT Expert Probability (HEP) Score: a novel pre-test probability model for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia based on broad expert opinion. J Thromb Haemost. 2010;8:2642-2650.

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34.  Warkentin TE. Anticoagulant failure in coagulopathic patients: PTT confounding and other pitfalls. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2014;13:25-43.

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35.  Linkins LA, Bates SM, Lee AY, et al. Combination of 4Ts score and PF4/H-PaGIA for diagnosis and management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: prospective cohort study. Blood. 2015;126:597-603.

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36.  Nagler M, Bachmann LM, Ten Cate H, et al. Diagnostic value of immunoassays for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood. 2016;127:546-557.

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37.  Sun L, Gimotty PA, Lakshmanan S, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of rapid immunoassays for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2016;115:1044-1055.

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38.  Pouplard C, Amiral J, Borg JY, et al. Decision analysis for use of platelet aggregation test, carbon 14-serotonin release assay, and heparin-platelet factor 4 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Clin Pathol. 1999;111:700-706.

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39.  Raschke RA, Curry SC, Warkentin TE, et al. Improving clinical interpretation of the anti-platelet factor 4/heparin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia through the use of receiver operating characteristic analysis, stratum-specific likelihood ratios, and Bayes theorem. Chest. 2013;144:1269-1275.

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40.  Greinacher A, Farner B, Kroll H, et al. Clinical features of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia including risk factors for thrombosis. A retrospective analysis of 408 patients. Thromb Haemost. 2005;94:132-135.

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41.  Warkentin TE. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Curr Hematol Rep. 2002;1:63-72.

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42.  Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, Koster A, et al. Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th ed). Chest. 2008;133(suppl 6):340S-380S.

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43.  Linkins LA, Dans AL, Moores LK, et al. Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis (9th ed). American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(suppl 2):e495S-e530S.

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44.  Koster A, Selleng S. Management of intraoperative anticoagulation in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia undergoing surgery. In: Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, eds. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. 5th ed. Boca Raton, FL: Informa Healthcare; 2013:550-572.

45.  Alatri A, Armstrong AE, Greinacher A, et al. Results of a consensus meeting on the use of argatroban in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia requiring antithrombotic therapy - a European perspective. Thromb Res. 2012;129:426-433.

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46.  Shatzel JJ, Crapster-Pregont M, Deloughery TG. Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. A systematic review of 54 reported cases. Thromb Haemost. 2016 Apr 14 [Epub ahead of print].

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47.  Linkins LA, Warkentin TE, Pai M, et al. Rivaroxaban for treatment of suspected or confirmed heparin-induced thrombocytopenia study. J Thromb Haemost. 2016 Apr 8 [Epub ahead of print].

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48.  Karafin MS, Sachais BS, Connelly-Smith L, et al. NHLBI state of the science symposium in therapeutic apheresis: knowledge gaps and research opportunities in the area of hematology-oncology. J Clin Apher. 2016;31:38-47.

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