患者通常没有任何症状,在进行体格检查或因其他原因进行影像学检查时才会发现动脉瘤。
病史
在出现症状的少数患者中,腹部、背部和腹股沟疼痛是典型表现。病史提示危险因素:
AAA 发生(即:高脂血症、结缔组织疾病、COPD 和高血压)[1]Dehlin JM, Upchurch GR. Management of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2005 Jun;7(2):119-30.[4]McConathy WJ, Alaupovic P, Woolcock N, et al. Lipids and apolipoprotein profiles in men with aneurysmal and stenosing aorto-iliac atherosclerosis. Eur J Vasc Surg. 1989 Dec;3(6):511-4.[9]Zankl AR, Schumacher H, Krumsdorf U, et al. Pathology, natural history and treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Clin Res Cardiol. 2007 Mar;96(3):140-51.[11]Singh K, Bønaa H, Jacobsen BK, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysms in a population-based study: The Tromsø Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2001 Aug 1;154(3):236-44.https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/154/3/236/125840[17]Lederle FA, Johnson GR, Wilson SE, et al; Aneurysm Detection and Management (ADAM) Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. Prevalence and associations of abdominal aortic aneurysm detected through screening. Ann Intern Med. 1997 Mar 15;126(6):441-9.[49]Jeremy RW, Huang H, Hwa J, et al. Relation between age, arterial distensibility, and aortic dilatation in the Marfan syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 1994 Aug 15;74(4):369-73.[50]Fowkes FG, Anandan CL, Lee AJ, et al. Reduced lung function in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm is associated with activation of inflammation and hemostasis, not smoking or cardiovascular disease. J Vasc Surg. 2006 Mar;43(3):474-80.[52]Takagi H, Umemoto T; ALICE (All-Literature Investigation of Cardiovascular Evidence) Group. A meta-analysis of the association of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with abdominal aortic aneurysm presence. Ann Vasc Surg. 2016 Jul;34:84-94.
扩张(即:既往心脏或肾脏移植、既往卒中、高龄 [>70 岁] 和重度心脏病)[53]Upchurch GR, Schaub TA. Abdominal aortic aneurysm. Am Fam Physician. 2006 Apr 1;73(7):1198-204.https://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0401/p1198.html[54]Chang JB, Stein TA, Liu JP, et al. Risk factors associated with rapid growth of small abdominal aortic aneurysms. Surgery. 1997 Feb;121(2):117-22.
破裂(即:女性、既往心脏或肾脏移植、高血压)。[9]Zankl AR, Schumacher H, Krumsdorf U, et al. Pathology, natural history and treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Clin Res Cardiol. 2007 Mar;96(3):140-51.[45]Skibba AA, Evans JR, Hopkins SP, et al. Reconsidering gender relative to risk of rupture in the contemporary management of abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 2015 Dec;62(6):1429-36.http://www.jvascsurg.org/article/S0741-5214(15)01689-4/fulltext[46]Gokani VJ, Sidloff D, Bath MF, et al. A retrospective study: factors associated with the risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture. Vascul Pharmacol. 2015 Feb-Mar;65-66:13-6.[51]Brown LC, Powell JT. Risk factors for aneurysm rupture in patients kept under ultrasound surveillance. Ann Surg. 1999 Sep;230(3):289-96.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1420874/[53]Upchurch GR, Schaub TA. Abdominal aortic aneurysm. Am Fam Physician. 2006 Apr 1;73(7):1198-204.https://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0401/p1198.html[55]Englesbe MJ, Wu AH, Clowes AW, et al. The prevalence and natural history of aortic aneurysms in heart and abdominal organ transplant patients. J Vasc Surg. 2003 Jan;37(1):27-31.http://www.jvascsurg.org/article/S0741-5214(02)75198-7/fulltext
吸烟史可增加患者 AAA 发生、扩张和破裂的风险。[9]Zankl AR, Schumacher H, Krumsdorf U, et al. Pathology, natural history and treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Clin Res Cardiol. 2007 Mar;96(3):140-51.[17]Lederle FA, Johnson GR, Wilson SE, et al; Aneurysm Detection and Management (ADAM) Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. Prevalence and associations of abdominal aortic aneurysm detected through screening. Ann Intern Med. 1997 Mar 15;126(6):441-9.[18]Wilmink TB, Quick CR, Day NE. The association between cigarette smoking and abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 1999 Dec;30(6):1099-105.[33]Rasmussen TE, Hallett JW Jr, Tazelaar HD, et al. Human leukocyte antigen class II immune response genes, female gender, and cigarette smoking as risk and modulating factors in abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 2002 May;35(5):988-93.[53]Upchurch GR, Schaub TA. Abdominal aortic aneurysm. Am Fam Physician. 2006 Apr 1;73(7):1198-204.https://www.aafp.org/afp/2006/0401/p1198.html 在从不吸烟的男性中,AAA 的重要危险因素包括高龄和患有 AAA 的一级亲属。[3]LeFevre ML; US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Aug 19;161(4):281-90.http://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/1883339/screening-abdominal-aortic-aneurysm-u-s-preventive-services-task-force
还可能发现腹部手术或腹主动脉瘤血管内修复术既往史以及 AAA 家族史。
体格检查
腹部触诊可发现搏动性包块和腹部压痛。体格检查应包括对外周动脉瘤(股和腘动脉)的评估。[56]Chaikof EL, Dalman RL, Eskandari MK, et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines on the care of patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg. 2018 Jan;67(1):2-77.e2.http://www.jvascsurg.org/article/S0741-5214(17)32369-8/fulltext
临床检查的动脉瘤触诊仅对较瘦患者和 AAA >5cm 的患者敏感,总敏感性和特异性分别为 68% 和 75%。[1]Dehlin JM, Upchurch GR. Management of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2005 Jun;7(2):119-30.[57]Fink HA, Lederle FA, Roth CS, et al. The accuracy of physical examination to detect abdominal aortic aneurysm. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Mar 27;160(6):833-6.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/485262
动脉瘤破裂表现为腹痛和/或背痛、腹部搏动性包块、低血压三联征。
在特定临床情况下,出现发热可增加对感染性 AAA 的怀疑。
关键检查
超声检查是检测 AAA 的首选初始方法(敏感性和特异性分别为 92%-99% 和近 100%)。[1]Dehlin JM, Upchurch GR. Management of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2005 Jun;7(2):119-30.[2]Johnston KW, Rutherford RB, Tilson MD, et al. Suggested standards for reporting on arterial aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 1991 Mar;13(3):452-8.[57]Fink HA, Lederle FA, Roth CS, et al. The accuracy of physical examination to detect abdominal aortic aneurysm. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Mar 27;160(6):833-6.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/485262[58]Cosford PA, Leng GC. Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Apr 18;(2):CD002945.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002945.pub2/full确诊后,使用计算机体层成像血管造影 (computed tomography angiography, CTA) 或磁共振血管成像 (magnetic resonance angiography, MRA) 行进一步影像学检查,了解解剖学分布,帮助制定手术计划(开放手术或腔内修复)。[59]Truijers M, Resch T, Van Den Berg JC, et al. Endovascular aneurysm repair: state-of-art imaging techniques for preoperative planning and surveillance. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 2009 Aug;50(4):423-38.
红细胞沉降率和 C 反应蛋白升高提示可能的炎症性 AAA 诊断。全血细胞计数发现白细胞增多和相对性贫血,且血培养阳性,提示感染性 AAA。
破裂风险的预测因素包括 AAA 扩张速率、管腔内血栓厚度增加、动脉壁僵硬、管壁张力、AAA 管壁应力峰值。[56]Chaikof EL, Dalman RL, Eskandari MK, et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines on the care of patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg. 2018 Jan;67(1):2-77.e2.http://www.jvascsurg.org/article/S0741-5214(17)32369-8/fulltext[60]Fillinger MF, Marra SP, Raghavan ML, et al. Prediction of rupture risk in abdominal aortic aneurysm during observation: wall stress versus diameter. J Vasc Surg. 2003 Apr;37(4):724-32.