在美国,指南建议超声检查/CT 测量的直径为 4.0 至 5.4 cm 的肾下/近肾 AAA 应当每 6 至 12 个月监测一次。[76]Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert NM, et al. Management of patients with peripheral artery disease (compilation of 2005 and 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline recommendations): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013 Apr 2;127(13):1425-43.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/127/13/1425.long AAA<4.0 cm 需要每 2 至 3 年进行一次超声检查。[76]Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert NM, et al. Management of patients with peripheral artery disease (compilation of 2005 and 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline recommendations): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013 Apr 2;127(13):1425-43.http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/127/13/1425.long
在英国,3.0 至 4.4 cm 的小 AAA 每年筛查一次,4.5 至 5.4 cm 的 AAA 每 3 个月筛查一次。[100]NHS England. NHS public health functions agreement 2016-17: service specification No. 23. NHS abdominal aortic aneurysm screening programme. Apr 2016 [internet publication].https://www.england.nhs.uk/commissioning/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2016/04/serv-spec-23-abdominal-aortic-aneurysm.pdf
一项系统评价和对个体患者数据进行的 meta 分析得出结论称,3.0 至 4.4 cm AAA 的监测间隔时间为 2 年,4.5 至 5.4 cm AAA 的监测间隔时间为 6 个月,这样的监测流程安全且具有成本效益。[75]Thompson S, Brown L, Sweeting M, et al; RESCAN Collaborators. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the growth and rupture rates of small abdominal aortic aneurysms: implications for surveillance intervals and their cost-effectiveness. Health Technol Assess. 2013 Sep;17(41):1-118.https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/hta17410/#/abstract
关于AAA 生长和破裂率的分析表明,为了保持 AAA 破裂风险<1%,对于基线 AAA 直径为 3.0 cm 的男性,其监测间隔时间应为 8.5 年。[75]Thompson S, Brown L, Sweeting M, et al; RESCAN Collaborators. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the growth and rupture rates of small abdominal aortic aneurysms: implications for surveillance intervals and their cost-effectiveness. Health Technol Assess. 2013 Sep;17(41):1-118.https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/hta17410/#/abstract对于初始动脉瘤直径为 5.0 cm 的男性,预计相应的监测间隔为 17 个月。尽管小型动脉瘤生长率相似,但女性的破裂率比男性高 4 倍。[75]Thompson S, Brown L, Sweeting M, et al; RESCAN Collaborators. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the growth and rupture rates of small abdominal aortic aneurysms: implications for surveillance intervals and their cost-effectiveness. Health Technol Assess. 2013 Sep;17(41):1-118.https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/hta17410/#/abstract监测项目和考虑手术的标准需要针对偶然发现 AAA 的女性专门而定。
修复术后
美国血管外科学会 (US Society for Vascular Surgery) 建议在开放修复术或腔内动脉瘤修复术 (EVAR) 后每 5 年进行一次非增强 CT 随访检查。[56]Chaikof EL, Dalman RL, Eskandari MK, et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines on the care of patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg. 2018 Jan;67(1):2-77.e2.http://www.jvascsurg.org/article/S0741-5214(17)32369-8/fulltext
在接受 EVAR 后,建议在术后 1 个月时通过增强 CT 和彩色多普勒超声成像进行基线监测。[56]Chaikof EL, Dalman RL, Eskandari MK, et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines on the care of patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg. 2018 Jan;67(1):2-77.e2.http://www.jvascsurg.org/article/S0741-5214(17)32369-8/fulltext如果无内漏和经证实的 AAA 增大,应在术后 12 个月时使用增强 CT 或彩色多普勒超声成像再次进行影像学检查。[56]Chaikof EL, Dalman RL, Eskandari MK, et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines on the care of patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg. 2018 Jan;67(1):2-77.e2.http://www.jvascsurg.org/article/S0741-5214(17)32369-8/fulltext
欧洲血管外科学会 (European Society for Vascular Surgery) 建议所有患者应在最初接受修复术后 30 天进行计算机断层扫描血管造影 (CTA) 和 X 线平片影像学检查。[74]Moll FL, Powell JT, Fraedrich G, et al; European Society for Vascular Surgery. Management of abdominal aortic aneurysms: clinical practice guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2011 Jan;41 Suppl 1:S1-58.http://www.ejves.com/article/S1078-5884(10)00560-5/fulltext 如果存在内漏,应在术后第 6 个和第 12 个月进行 CTA 检查和 X 线平片影像学检查。无早期内漏和组分重叠良好的患者可能无需在术后第 6 个月进行 CTA 检查,但需在第 12 个月进行 CTA 和 X 线平片影像学检查。如果无内漏且 AAA 稳定/正在缩小,则建议每年通过 X 线平片影像学进行一次双功超声检查。[74]Moll FL, Powell JT, Fraedrich G, et al; European Society for Vascular Surgery. Management of abdominal aortic aneurysms: clinical practice guidelines of the European Society for Vascular Surgery. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2011 Jan;41 Suppl 1:S1-58.http://www.ejves.com/article/S1078-5884(10)00560-5/fulltext
在支气管镜检查、胃肠道/泌尿生殖道内镜检查以及任何可能导致出血的牙科操作之前,需要使用抗生素预防移植物感染。[56]Chaikof EL, Dalman RL, Eskandari MK, et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines on the care of patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg. 2018 Jan;67(1):2-77.e2.http://www.jvascsurg.org/article/S0741-5214(17)32369-8/fulltext
如果出现全身性脓毒症、腹股沟引流、假性动脉瘤形成、开放修复术或 EVAR 后性质不明的疼痛,应当评估是否存在移植物感染。[56]Chaikof EL, Dalman RL, Eskandari MK, et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines on the care of patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg. 2018 Jan;67(1):2-77.e2.http://www.jvascsurg.org/article/S0741-5214(17)32369-8/fulltext 如果开放修复术或 EVAR 后胃肠道出血,应当立即评估是否存在主动脉肠瘘。[56]Chaikof EL, Dalman RL, Eskandari MK, et al. The Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines on the care of patients with an abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Vasc Surg. 2018 Jan;67(1):2-77.e2.http://www.jvascsurg.org/article/S0741-5214(17)32369-8/fulltext