案例#1
一名 57 岁男性患者主诉缓慢进展性腿部无力 5 年。最近曾多次跌倒,双手难以完成细活。神经病理学检查显示髂腰肌、四头肌及双侧手指屈肌萎缩。手肌力检测发现,与手指/腕伸肌相比,手指/腕屈肌显著无力。此外,颈部前屈 3/5、颈部伸展 4/5、手臂外展 4/5、前臂屈曲 4/5、髋关节伸展 3/5、髋关节弯曲 2/5、膝关节伸直 2/5、髋关节弯曲 2/5、踝关节背屈 4/5 及踝关节跖屈 5/5。除膝跳反射降低以外,其余神经病学检查未见明显异常。
案例#2
一名 42 岁女性患者主诉进展性肌无力和复发性面部水肿。水肿开始于 3 个月前,并且恶化,使其无法张嘴或睁眼。伴随着面部皮疹,患者出现间歇性的吞咽困难。无力症状导致她不能从椅子上站起来或爬楼。皮肤检查发现水肿的上眼睑有蓝紫色变色。双髋关节屈曲的肌力为 3/5,双肩外展的肌力为 3/5。其他神经病学检查正常。
其他表现
肌外临床表现可能占主导地位。皮肌炎和包涵体肌炎中,吞咽困难最显著。心脏损害(比如:心力衰竭、心律失常及心肌梗塞)被认为是重要的死亡预测因素。间质性肺疾病可能在肌病症状之前出现。其他肺部表现包括药物诱导型肺炎、肺毛细血管脉管炎及胸部肌肉无力引起的肺功能衰竭。发烧及体重下降等全身症状在并发相关结缔组织病时更易发生。
特发性炎性肌炎 (IIM) 可能与恶性肿瘤有关。[4]Madan V, Chinoy H, Griffiths CE, et al. Defining cancer risk in dermatomyositis. Part I. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009;34:451-455.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19522981?tool=bestpractice.com[5]Engel A, Franzini-Armstrong C. Myology: basic and clinical. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Publishing Division; 2004.[6]Buchbinder R, Forbes A, Hall S, et al. Incidence of malignant disease in biopsy-proven inflammatory myopathy: a population-based cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134:1087-1095.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11412048?tool=bestpractice.com[7]Wakata N, Kurihara T, Saito E, et al. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis associated with malignancy: a 30-year retrospective study. Int J Dermatol. 2002;41:729-734.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12452993?tool=bestpractice.com[8]Hill CL, Zhang Y, Sigurgeirsson B, et al. Frequency of specific cancer types in dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a population-based study. Lancet. 2001;357:96-100.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11197446?tool=bestpractice.com[9]Callen JP. Relation between dermatomyositis and polymyositis and cancer. Lancet. 2001;357:85-86.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11197441?tool=bestpractice.com 风险最高时是诊断期间前后及肌炎诊断后约 3 年,男性和女性风险相等。与多发性肌炎患者相比,皮肌炎患者患恶性肿瘤的风险更高。[4]Madan V, Chinoy H, Griffiths CE, et al. Defining cancer risk in dermatomyositis. Part I. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009;34:451-455.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19522981?tool=bestpractice.com[6]Buchbinder R, Forbes A, Hall S, et al. Incidence of malignant disease in biopsy-proven inflammatory myopathy: a population-based cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134:1087-1095.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11412048?tool=bestpractice.com皮肌炎患者患癌症的风险增加 3 至 6 倍,58%的肿瘤发生在肌炎确诊后。最频发的恶性肿瘤是卵巢癌、[8]Hill CL, Zhang Y, Sigurgeirsson B, et al. Frequency of specific cancer types in dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a population-based study. Lancet. 2001;357:96-100.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11197446?tool=bestpractice.com[10]Scheinfeld N. A review of the cutaneous paraneoplastic associations and metastatic presentations of ovarian carcinoma. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2008;33:10-15.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17983453?tool=bestpractice.com胰腺癌及非霍奇金淋巴瘤。[8]Hill CL, Zhang Y, Sigurgeirsson B, et al. Frequency of specific cancer types in dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a population-based study. Lancet. 2001;357:96-100.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11197446?tool=bestpractice.com与普通人群相比,多发性肌炎患者患癌症风险增加 1.4 至 2 倍。多发性肌炎患者观察到的最常见的恶性肿瘤是非霍奇金淋巴瘤、肺癌及膀胱癌。[8]Hill CL, Zhang Y, Sigurgeirsson B, et al. Frequency of specific cancer types in dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a population-based study. Lancet. 2001;357:96-100.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11197446?tool=bestpractice.com