治疗的主要目标是提高肌力,获得缓解或临床稳定。
尽管缺乏良好证据,但是很明显,各种类型的免疫疗法对多发性肌炎和皮肌炎有帮助。与此相反,包涵体肌炎患者可接受以下疗法的临床试验,但该疾病通常对大部分治疗方案具有抵抗性。[55]Amato AA, Griggs RC. Treatment of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Curr Opin Neurol. 2003;16:569-575.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501840?tool=bestpractice.com
患有重度肌无力或威胁生命并发症人群的最初药物治疗
包括那些患有重度肌无力(如四肢麻痹)、间质性肺疾病 (ILD)、心肌炎、呼吸衰竭、重度吞咽困难或其他威胁生命的并发症的患者。
连续 3 天静脉注射皮质类固醇的初始短疗程治疗被用来快速控制疾病。[55]Amato AA, Griggs RC. Treatment of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Curr Opin Neurol. 2003;16:569-575.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501840?tool=bestpractice.com
随后改成高剂量口服皮质类固醇。该组患者通常在数月后缓慢减少皮质类固醇剂量。
尽管这是一种常见的初治方法,一些医师可能在早期就对这些患者开始静脉给予免疫球蛋白 (IVIG)并联合使用皮质类固醇[55]Amato AA, Griggs RC. Treatment of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Curr Opin Neurol. 2003;16:569-575.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501840?tool=bestpractice.com。
[56]Greenberg SA, Amato AA. Inflammatory myopathy associated with mixed connective tissue disease and scleroderma renal crisis. Muscle Nerve. 2001;24:1562-1566.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11745962?tool=bestpractice.com
急性稳定之后,或者无严重或威胁生命症状人群的初始药物治疗
包括那些患有轻中度肌无力但无威胁生命并发症的患者。
口服皮质类固醇是皮肌炎与多发性肌炎的一线疗法。[55]Amato AA, Griggs RC. Treatment of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Curr Opin Neurol. 2003;16:569-575.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501840?tool=bestpractice.com
高剂量口服皮质类固醇在相当大比例的人群中降低了发病率并提高了肌力与肌肉功能。[57]Joffe MM, Love LA, Leff RL, et al. Drug therapy of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: predictors of response to prednisone, azathioprine, and methotrexate and a comparison of their efficacy. Am J Med. 1993;94:379-387.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8386437?tool=bestpractice.com[58]Amato AA, Gronseth GS, Jackson CE, et al. Inclusion body myositis: clinical and pathological boundaries. Ann Neurol. 1996;40:581-586.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8871577?tool=bestpractice.com大部分患者的临床症状在 3 至 6 个月内显著改善。[59]Tymms KE, Webb J. Dermatopolymyositis and other connective tissue diseases: a review of 105 cases. J Rheumatol. 1985;12:1140-1148.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4093921?tool=bestpractice.com监测不良反应是必要的。
肌力通常在 4 至 6 个月内恢复正常或达到平台期,可维持最低水平口服皮质类固醇以保持足够的临床效果(肌力正常或接近正常以使患者可独立进行日常活动)。
对几项随机对照试验提供的汇集证据的 Cochrane 综述发现,使用肌酸进行治疗的肌肉疾病中,特发性炎性肌病患者中可观察到功能性能显著改善。肌酸还具有良好的耐受性,因此,它可作为有效的辅助疗法。[60]Kley RA, Tarnopolsky MA, Vorgerd M. Creatine for treating muscle disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(6):CD004760.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004760.pub4/fullhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23740606?tool=bestpractice.com
急性稳定之后,或者无严重或威胁生命症状人群的二线药物治疗
4 至 6 个月高剂量口服皮质类固醇治疗试验之后,如果无任何改善,应排除炎性肌营养不良等其他诊断。
如果多发性肌炎或皮肌炎诊断被确诊,应考虑二线疗法。这些疗法主要用于皮质类固醇难治的患者或用来减少皮质类固醇的使用。[55]Amato AA, Griggs RC. Treatment of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Curr Opin Neurol. 2003;16:569-575.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501840?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Chérin P, Herson S, Wechsler B, et al. Effectiveness of intravenous immunoglobulins in polymyositis and dermatomyositis: an open trial in 15 patients [in French]. Presse Med. 1991;20:244-249.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1706860?tool=bestpractice.com制剂包括静脉注射用免疫球蛋白 ( IVIG)、甲氨蝶呤或硫唑嘌呤。[62]Feasby T, Banwell B, Benstead T, et al. Guidelines on the use of intravenous immune globulin for neurologic conditions. Transfus Med Rev. 2007;21(2 suppl 1):S57-S107.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17397768?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Pul R, Stangel M. Using immunoglobulins in muscular disease treatment. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2008;8:1143-1150.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18613765?tool=bestpractice.com[64]Wiendl H. Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: current and future therapeutic options. Neurotherapeutics. 2008;5:548-557.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19019306?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Dalakas MC. Inflammatory myopathies: management of steroid resistance. Curr Opin Neurol. 2011;24:457-462http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21799409?tool=bestpractice.com[66]Mastaglia FL, Garlepp MJ, Phillips BA, et al. Inflammatory myopathies: clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. Muscle Nerve. 2003;27:407-425.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12661042?tool=bestpractice.com
有限证据表明,IVIG 在皮肌炎和多发性肌炎中是有效的。[42]Christopher-Stine L, Plotz PH. Adult inflammatory myopathies. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2004;18:331-344.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15158744?tool=bestpractice.com[61]Chérin P, Herson S, Wechsler B, et al. Effectiveness of intravenous immunoglobulins in polymyositis and dermatomyositis: an open trial in 15 patients [in French]. Presse Med. 1991;20:244-249.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1706860?tool=bestpractice.com[67]Chérin P, Herson S, Wechsler B, et al. Efficacy of intravenous gammaglobulin therapy in chronic refractory polymyositis and dermatomyositis: an open study with 20 adult patients. Am J Med. 1991;91:162-168.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1714235?tool=bestpractice.com[68]Chérin P, Pelletier S, Teixeira A, et al. Results and long-term followup of intravenous immunoglobulin infusions in chronic, refractory polymyositis: an open study with thirty-five adult patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:467-474.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11840450?tool=bestpractice.com[69]Al-Mayouf S, Al-Mazyed A, Bahabri S. Efficacy of early treatment of severe juvenile dermatomyositis with intravenous methylprednisolone and methotrexate. Clin Rheumatol. 2000;19:138-141.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10791626?tool=bestpractice.com[62]Feasby T, Banwell B, Benstead T, et al. Guidelines on the use of intravenous immune globulin for neurologic conditions. Transfus Med Rev. 2007;21(2 suppl 1):S57-S107.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17397768?tool=bestpractice.com[63]Pul R, Stangel M. Using immunoglobulins in muscular disease treatment. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2008;8:1143-1150.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18613765?tool=bestpractice.com常联合口服皮质类固醇或其他免疫抑制药物使用。可用性与费用可能限制其使用。
甲氨蝶呤是这个群体中另一种初始选择疗法。研究发现,它在高达 88% 的皮肌炎和多发性肌炎患者中是有效的,包括那些泼尼松龙难治的患者。[57]Joffe MM, Love LA, Leff RL, et al. Drug therapy of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: predictors of response to prednisone, azathioprine, and methotrexate and a comparison of their efficacy. Am J Med. 1993;94:379-387.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8386437?tool=bestpractice.com[70]Cagnoli M, Marchesoni A, Tosi S. Combined steroid, methotrexate and chlorambucil therapy for steroid-resistant dermatomyositis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1991;9:658-659.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1764849?tool=bestpractice.com[71]Giannini M, Callen JP. Treatment of dermatomyositis with methotrexate and prednisone. Arch Dermatol. 1979;115:1251-1252.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/507874?tool=bestpractice.com甲氨蝶呤被认为疗效更快,因此比硫唑嘌呤更受皮肌炎与多发性肌炎患者的欢迎。[55]Amato AA, Griggs RC. Treatment of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Curr Opin Neurol. 2003;16:569-575.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501840?tool=bestpractice.com
硫唑嘌呤是次选疗法。它与甲氨蝶呤一样有效并具有良好的耐受性,但似乎需要更长时间方可见效(6 个月或以上)。[66]Mastaglia FL, Garlepp MJ, Phillips BA, et al. Inflammatory myopathies: clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. Muscle Nerve. 2003;27:407-425.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12661042?tool=bestpractice.com
所有二线药剂均可单独使用或联合口服皮质类固醇使用。
急性稳定之后,或者无严重或威胁生命症状人群的三线药物疗法
皮质类固醇和二线药物难治时,需要进行三线疗法。它们要么毒性比皮质类固醇和二线药物更高,要么未被广泛用于特发性炎性肌病治疗中。[55]Amato AA, Griggs RC. Treatment of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Curr Opin Neurol. 2003;16:569-575.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501840?tool=bestpractice.com
关于如何使用这些疗法,很少有对照研究(如果有的话),并且几乎未形成共识,因此治疗方案的选择依赖于医师的个人经验和每位患者对特定疗法的禁忌症。
这些药物可用作单药治疗,有时也可结合皮质类固醇或其他免疫抑制药物使用。
环磷酰胺被用于难治性多发性肌炎与皮肌炎,尤其与血管炎、ILD 及延髓或呼吸肌损伤的疾病有关时。[59]Tymms KE, Webb J. Dermatopolymyositis and other connective tissue diseases: a review of 105 cases. J Rheumatol. 1985;12:1140-1148.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4093921?tool=bestpractice.com[72]Leroy JP, Drosos AA, Yiannopoulos DI, et al. Intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide therapy in myositis and Sjogren's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33:1579-1581.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2222539?tool=bestpractice.com对其他药物无反应的重度肌病和 ILD 患者应使用该药,尽管其有潜在的肝、膀胱及骨髓毒性。[64]Wiendl H. Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: current and future therapeutic options. Neurotherapeutics. 2008;5:548-557.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19019306?tool=bestpractice.com[73]Dalakas MC. Immunotherapy of myositis: issues, concerns and future prospects. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010;6:129-137.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20125096?tool=bestpractice.com
苯丁酸氮芥的使用已在少数难治性皮肌炎研究中取得一些成功。[55]Amato AA, Griggs RC. Treatment of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Curr Opin Neurol. 2003;16:569-575.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501840?tool=bestpractice.com[74]Sinoway PA, Callen JP. Chlorambucil: an effective corticosteroid-sparing agent for patients with recalcitrant dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum. 1993;36:319-324.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8452575?tool=bestpractice.com
环孢素已显示其在多发性肌炎或皮肌炎中的功效。[55]Amato AA, Griggs RC. Treatment of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Curr Opin Neurol. 2003;16:569-575.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501840?tool=bestpractice.com[75]Cordeiro AC, Isenberg DA. Treatment of inflammatory myopathies. Postgrad Med J. 2006;82:417-424.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16822917?tool=bestpractice.com治疗开始后 2 至 6 周内可能会注意到情况有所改善,且大多数患者可以减少或停止使用皮质类固醇。[55]Amato AA, Griggs RC. Treatment of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Curr Opin Neurol. 2003;16:569-575.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501840?tool=bestpractice.com[76]Correia O, Polonia J, Nunes JP, et al. Severe acute form of adult dermatomyositis treated with cyclosporine. Int J Dermatol. 1992;31:517-519.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1500250?tool=bestpractice.com[77]Heckmatt J, Hasson N, Saunders C, et al. Cyclosporin in juvenile dermatomyositis. Lancet. 1989;1:1063-1066.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2566009?tool=bestpractice.com[78]Qushmaq KA, Chalmers A, Esdaile JM. Cyclosporin A in the treatment of refractory adult polymyositis/dermatomyositis: population based experience in 6 patients and literature review. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:2855-2859.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11128676?tool=bestpractice.com需频繁监测血清波谷水平(最佳范围 100-200 ng/mL)、全血细胞计数及肝肾功能。[73]Dalakas MC. Immunotherapy of myositis: issues, concerns and future prospects. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2010;6:129-137.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20125096?tool=bestpractice.com[65]Dalakas MC. Inflammatory myopathies: management of steroid resistance. Curr Opin Neurol. 2011;24:457-462http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21799409?tool=bestpractice.com在难治性或复发性皮肌炎或多发性肌炎中,单独或联合 IVIG 和皮质类固醇使用环孢素可能有效。[79]Danieli MG, Malcangi G, Palmieri C, et al. Cyclosporin A and intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61:37-41.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1753869/pdf/v061p00037.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11779756?tool=bestpractice.com
在少数病例中发现,他克莫司和麦考酚酯均有效。[80]Schneider C, Gold R, Schafers M, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil in the therapy of polymyositis associated with a polyautoimmune syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 2002;25:286-288.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11870700?tool=bestpractice.com[81]Oddis CV, Sciurba FC, Elmagd KA, et al. Tacrolimus in refractory polymyositis with interstitial lung disease. Lancet. 1999;353:1762-1763.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10347992?tool=bestpractice.com[82]Gelber AC, Nousari HC, Wigley FM. Mycophenolate mofetil in the treatment of severe skin manifestations of dermatomyositis: a series of 4 cases. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:1542-1545.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10852287?tool=bestpractice.com病例研究发现,他罗利姆的临床改善是多种多样的,可能在 3 至 13 个月中观察到临床改善。[83]Waite LE, Madhok R. Tacrolimus - a potential therapy for polymyositis? Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48:858-859.http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/48/7/858.longhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19433436?tool=bestpractice.com[84]Shimojima Y, Gono T, Yamamoto K, et al. Efficacy of tacrolimus in treatment of polymyositis associated with myasthenia gravis. Clin Rheumatol. 2004;23:262-265.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15168159?tool=bestpractice.com肾毒性、高血压及可逆性后部脑白质病变是潜在的副作用。[85]Schneider-Gold C, Hartung HP, Gold R. Mycophenolate mofetil and tacrolimus: new therapeutic options in neuroimmunological diseases. Muscle Nerve. 2006;34:284-291.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16583368?tool=bestpractice.com麦考酚酯抑制鸟嘌呤核苷酸的从头合成,从而削弱 T 与 B 淋巴细胞的功能。该药对难治性皮肌炎和多发性肌炎显示出可喜的效果;但是缺乏对照试验。[86]Edge JC, Outland JD, Dempsey JR, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil as an effective corticosteroid-sparing therapy for recalcitrant dermatomyositis. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142:65-69.http://archderm.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/142/1/65http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16415388?tool=bestpractice.com[87]Ytterberg SR. Treatment of refractory polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2006;8:167-173.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16901073?tool=bestpractice.com2 至 3 个月后可观察到麦考酚酯的功效,治疗时间的长度依据患者个人反应而定。
非药物疗法不常用作次选治疗。此外,很少有比较这些治疗的对照试验(如果有的话);而且对其使用顺序尚未形成共识。
血浆置换和白细胞分离法已被采用,尽管最近有证据发现它们无效。[88]Dau PC, Bennington JL. Plasmapheresis in childhood dermatomyositis. J Pediatr. 1981;98:237-240.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7463219?tool=bestpractice.com[89]Miller FW, Leitman SF, Cronin ME, et al. Controlled trial of plasma exchange and leukapheresis in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:1380-1384.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1472183?tool=bestpractice.com
据报导,全身照射在少数病例中是有效的。[90]Hubbard WN, Walport MJ, Halnan KE, et al. Remission from polymyositis after total body irradiation. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1982;284:1915-1916.http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1498816&blobtype=pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6805762?tool=bestpractice.com[91]Kelly JJ, Madoc-Jones H, Adelman LS, et al. Response to total body irradiation in dermatomyositis. Muscle Nerve. 1988;11:120-123.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3278219?tool=bestpractice.com相反,其他研究发现,全身照射在包涵体肌炎中无效且属于可能会加重病情的因素。[92]Cherin P, Herson S, Coutellier A, et al. Failure of total body irradiation in polymyositis: report of three cases. Br J Rheumatol. 1992;31:282-283.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1555046?tool=bestpractice.com[93]Kelly JJ Jr, Madoc-Jones H, Adelman LS, et al. Total body irradiation not effective in inclusion body myositis. Neurology. 1986;36:1264-1266.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3748397?tool=bestpractice.com
少数皮肌炎与多发性肌炎患者进行了胸腺切除术,并获得了一些改善。[94]Cumming WJ. Thymectomy in refractory dermatomyositis. Muscle Nerve. 1989;12:424.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2725570?tool=bestpractice.com
青少年皮肌炎 (JDM)
泼尼松龙是初始治疗选择。根据患者反应逐渐减少最大剂量。[95]Ernste FC, Reed AM. Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: current trends in pathogenesis, clinical features, and up-to-date treatment recommendations. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88:83-105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23274022?tool=bestpractice.com[96]Huber AM, Giannini EH, Bowyer SL, et al. Protocols for the initial treatment of moderately severe juvenile dermatomyositis: results of a Children's Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Consensus Conference. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010;62:219-225.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2909837/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20191521?tool=bestpractice.com皮下甲氨蝶呤作为一线疗法被加入。[95]Ernste FC, Reed AM. Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: current trends in pathogenesis, clinical features, and up-to-date treatment recommendations. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88:83-105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23274022?tool=bestpractice.com一项对照研究证明,泼尼松龙与环孢素或甲氨蝶呤联合治疗比泼尼松龙单药治疗更为有效。但是,从安全性和减少皮质类固醇用量作用的方面考虑,支持使用泼尼松龙联合甲氨蝶呤。[97]Ruperto N, Pistorio A, Oliveira S, et al.; Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation (PRINTO). Prednisone versus prednisone plus ciclosporin versus prednisone plus methotrexate in new-onset juvenile dermatomyositis: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2016;387:671-678.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26645190?tool=bestpractice.com对于一线疗法难治的患者,推荐甲基泼尼松龙并结合甲氨蝶呤和羟氯喹。[95]Ernste FC, Reed AM. Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: current trends in pathogenesis, clinical features, and up-to-date treatment recommendations. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88:83-105.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23274022?tool=bestpractice.com利妥昔单抗公认为可用于重度难治性 JDM。[98]Oddis CV, Reed AM, Aggarwal R, et al. Rituximab in the treatment of refractory adult and juvenile dermatomyositis and adult polymyositis: a randomized, placebo-phase trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:314-324.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23124935?tool=bestpractice.comIVIG、环磷酰胺、麦考酚酯、环孢素、硫唑嘌呤及他罗利姆等其他疗法也已被用于难治性疾病的治疗中;但是,只有少数试验和病例报告支持这些药物的使用。